| Acknowledgements | p. ix |
| Zusammenfassung | p. xi |
| Contents | p. xvii |
| List of Figures | p. xxv |
| List of Tables | p. xxxi |
| Abbreviations and acronyms | p. xxxix |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Assessment of human health impacts and the approach followed | p. 5 |
| Definitions and considerations of some terms | p. 6 |
| Nomenclature of substances of concern | p. 6 |
| Nomenclature with respect to exposure | p. 7 |
| Considerations with respect to risk and impact assessment | p. 10 |
| Impact Pathway Approach | p. 12 |
| Model aim and requirements | p. 15 |
| Modelling framework | p. 19 |
| Conclusion with respect to the modelling framework | p. 30 |
| Multimedia environmental fate and/or exposure assessment of prioritised contaminants | p. 33 |
| Existing multimedia environmental fate models with or without exposure assessment | p. 34 |
| Multi-zonal multimedia environmental fate models without exposure assessment | p. 34 |
| Multi-zonal multimedia environmental fate and exposure models | p. 37 |
| Oligo-zonal multimedia environmental fate and exposure models | p. 42 |
| Non-Mackay-type multimedia environmental fate and exposure assessment frameworks | p. 51 |
| Selection of contaminants | p. 55 |
| Discussion on mercury and its compounds | p. 57 |
| Discussion on 'dioxins' | p. 57 |
| Trace elements and Mackay modelling | p. 59 |
| Selected substances | p. 61 |
| Need for development | p. 62 |
| Multimedia environmental fate assessment framework: outline, atmospheric modelling and spatial differentiation | p. 65 |
| Dispersion in air and air to ground interface | p. 66 |
| Linking of an air quality model and a soil/water model | p. 68 |
| Interface between air and soil/water | p. 69 |
| General description of the soil and water environmental fate model | p. 70 |
| Defining the inputs to the terrestrial and aquatic environment | p. 71 |
| General remarks on processes considered in the environmental fate modelling | p. 71 |
| Remarks on the consideration of inactivation processes | p. 75 |
| Spatial differentiation of the terrestrial and freshwater environment | p. 77 |
| Implementation | p. 81 |
| Definition of scenarios | p. 83 |
| Temporal modes of operation | p. 84 |
| Modelling the environmental fate in the terrestrial environment | p. 87 |
| Environmental fate modelling for different land covers | p. 87 |
| Compartments distinguished in the terrestrial environment | p. 87 |
| Dimensions of the terrestrial compartments | p. 91 |
| Definition of the phases of terrestrial compartments | p. 94 |
| Processes considered for the terrestrial compartments | p. 96 |
| Innovations as regards terrestrial compartments | p. 96 |
| Arable land compartment | p. 105 |
| Pasture compartment | p. 105 |
| (Semi-) natural ecosystem compartment | p. 105 |
| Non-vegetated land compartment | p. 106 |
| Impervious surface compartment | p. 106 |
| Glacier compartment | p. 107 |
| Environmental fate modelling for terrestrial plants | p. 111 |
| Exchange with air | p. 112 |
| Exchange with soil | p. 119 |
| Removal due to harvest and/or litterfall | p. 126 |
| Metabolism or degradation | p. 127 |
| Translocation within plants | p. 128 |
| Conclusions on how to address plants in a multimedia environmental fate model and innovations | p. 129 |
| Modelling the environmental fate in the aquatic environment | p. 135 |
| Environmental fate modelling of water bodies | p. 135 |
| Compartments distinguished | p. 136 |
| Dimensions of the aquatic compartments | p. 136 |
| Definition of the phases of aquatic compartments | p. 138 |
| Processes considered for the aquatic environment | p. 141 |
| Innovations as regards aquatic compartments | p. 145 |
| Environmental fate modelling for aquatic organisms | p. 149 |
| Exposure and impact assessment | p. 151 |
| Concentration in food | p. 153 |
| Considerations with respect to animal feed and ingested soil | p. 154 |
| Computation of human exposure | p. 156 |
| Trade of food, consumption and the effective Intake Fraction | p. 160 |
| Consideration of trade | p. 161 |
| Assessing human consumption of food | p. 162 |
| The effective Intake Fraction | p. 163 |
| Impact assessment | p. 166 |
| Approach by Crettaz and co-workers | p. 167 |
| Dynamically computing the impact | p. 173 |
| Distinction of severity for cancer effects | p. 174 |
| Distinction of severity for non-cancer effects | p. 175 |
| [beta subscript ED10] slope factors and physical impacts used in this study | p. 176 |
| Value choices and DALYs | p. 176 |
| Discussion on the magnitude of the assessed DALYs | p. 183 |
| Temporal delays | p. 184 |
| Valuation | p. 187 |
| Temporal aspects of monetary valuation and discounting | p. 187 |
| Applied concepts for economic valuation and values used | p. 194 |
| Valuation of human health-related impacts | p. 195 |
| Monetary valuation and latency | p. 196 |
| Impact of employing a different monetary valuation approach for morbidity effects | p. 199 |
| Monetary values used | p. 202 |
| Evaluation of results | p. 205 |
| Terminology | p. 206 |
| Validation, verification, evaluation | p. 206 |
| Uncertainty | p. 207 |
| Approaches for the evaluation of results | p. 210 |
| Minimum requirements towards uncertainty analysis of exposure assessments according to United States - Environmental Protection Agency (1997c) | p. 211 |
| Comparison with independent data | p. 212 |
| Scenario analysis | p. 213 |
| Sensitivity analysis of parameters | p. 214 |
| Probabilistic uncertainty assessment | p. 216 |
| Expert judgement | p. 217 |
| Followed approach | p. 218 |
| Qualitative uncertainty analysis according to United States - Environmental Protection Agency (1997c) | p. 218 |
| Comparison with independent data | p. 231 |
| Scenario analysis | p. 242 |
| Sensitivity analysis of the parameters | p. 260 |
| Concluding remarks on the evaluation of results | p. 274 |
| Case studies on emissions from single facilities | p. 277 |
| Definition of marginal emission-related case studies | p. 277 |
| Impacts due to inhalation exposure | p. 280 |
| Impacts due to ingestion exposure | p. 286 |
| Whole economy case study | p. 301 |
| Pan-European emission scenario for 1990 | p. 301 |
| Tentative historic emission scenario and contamination increase in time | p. 302 |
| Impacts due to inhalation exposure | p. 308 |
| Impacts due to ingestion exposure | p. 310 |
| Concluding remarks | p. 319 |
| The assessment framework | p. 319 |
| General limitations of the assessment | p. 327 |
| Application of the assessment framework | p. 329 |
| Case studies | p. 329 |
| Remarks on the magnitude of the external costs | p. 330 |
| Quantitative evaluation of predicted concentrations | p. 332 |
| Applicability of the approach to other contexts | p. 332 |
| Outlook and closure | p. 333 |
| References | p. 335 |
| Model formulation | p. 383 |
| Overall modelling approach of the environmental fate model | p. 383 |
| Steady-state solution | p. 384 |
| Dynamic solution | p. 386 |
| Dynamic solution until a certain fraction of the steady-state solution | p. 389 |
| Partitioning of substances and equilibrium distribution coefficients | p. 390 |
| Bulk compartment-aqueous phase or solid phase equilibrium distribution coefficients | p. 391 |
| Bulk water-suspended matter or aqueous phase equilibrium distribution coefficients | p. 393 |
| Environmental fate process formulations | p. 394 |
| Degradation | p. 395 |
| Radioactive decay | p. 395 |
| Water soil erosion | p. 396 |
| Overland flow | p. 398 |
| Ice melt | p. 400 |
| Matrix leaching | p. 401 |
| Considering vertical substance transport in soils due to stochastic processes | p. 402 |
| Uptake by biota and removal | p. 404 |
| Discharge | p. 409 |
| Water circulation in large lakes | p. 410 |
| Sedimentation (or sediment deposition) in freshwater compartments | p. 411 |
| Resuspension of bottom sediment matter | p. 412 |
| Sediment burial | p. 414 |
| Diffusion from water body to sediment | p. 416 |
| Diffusion from sediment to water body | p. 418 |
| Volume calculations | p. 418 |
| Volume calculation: non-urban terrestrial compartments | p. 419 |
| Volume calculation: urban/built-up area | p. 419 |
| Volume calculation: water and sediment | p. 420 |
| Background concentration calculation | p. 420 |
| Exogenous input formulations | p. 420 |
| Direct emissions into soil or water | p. 421 |
| Atmospheric deposition - wet | p. 421 |
| Atmospheric deposition - dry | p. 422 |
| Wet atmospheric deposition considering preferential flow/leaching | p. 422 |
| Removal of atmospheric deposition due to harvest of exposed aboveground produce | p. 424 |
| Exposure assessment | p. 433 |
| Concentration conversion | p. 434 |
| Assessment of inhalation exposures | p. 437 |
| Performing dynamic exposure assessment when removal due to harvest is included in the environmental fate model | p. 438 |
| Food concentration for the exposure pathway 'atmospheric deposition - aboveground exposed produce - humans' for the example of spinach | p. 441 |
| Food concentration for the exposure pathway 'atmospheric deposition - forage/silage - cattle - humans' | p. 443 |
| Food concentration for the exposure pathway 'arable land - aboveground protected produce - humans' for the example of cereals | p. 443 |
| Food concentration for the exposure pathway 'arable land - aboveground exposed produce - humans' | p. 444 |
| Food concentration for the exposure pathway 'arable land - belowground produce - humans' for the example of potato | p. 444 |
| Food concentration for the exposure pathways 'pasture/arable land - feed - milk cattle - humans' | p. 445 |
| Food concentration for the exposure pathways 'pasture/arable land - feed - beef and veal cattle - humans' | p. 447 |
| Food concentration for the different exposure pathways 'pasture (soil particles) - animal products - humans' | p. 447 |
| Food concentration for the exposure pathway 'freshwater - fish - humans' | p. 448 |
| Consideration of trade | p. 448 |
| Computation of the effective personal intake rate from food concentrations | p. 450 |
| Impact assessment | p. 452 |
| Monetary valuation | p. 452 |
| Substance-independent data | p. 453 |
| Defining the geographical scope of the model | p. 454 |
| Spatial differentiation into zones | p. 454 |
| Definition of large lakes | p. 465 |
| Distinction of different compartments | p. 466 |
| Considerations with respect to depths of terrestrial compartments | p. 467 |
| Considerations with respect to soil depths of volatile substances | p. 467 |
| Dimensions and spatially invariant properties of freshwater compartments | p. 473 |
| Dimensions of lakes | p. 473 |
| Dimensions of streams | p. 474 |
| Dimensions of the freshwater compartment | p. 476 |
| Mass transfer coefficient at the water-sediment interface | p. 476 |
| Computation of spatially-resolved compartment properties and process rates | p. 477 |
| Spatially variable properties of soils | p. 478 |
| Hydrological data | p. 484 |
| Modelling erosion for different soil compartments | p. 487 |
| Components of the particle mass balance in surface freshwater bodies | p. 490 |
| Average surface temperature | p. 509 |
| Spatial differentiation for the exposure and impact assessment | p. 510 |
| Production-related data | p. 510 |
| Human consumption data | p. 517 |
| Further substance-independent data used in the exposure assessment | p. 522 |
| Substance-dependent data | p. 527 |
| Substance properties influencing the environmental fate | p. 527 |
| Solid-water partitioning coefficient | p. 527 |
| Air-water partitioning coefficient | p. 532 |
| Air-solid partitioning coefficient | p. 532 |
| Substance properties influencing the exposure | p. 533 |
| Exposure-related data independent of the exposure assessment framework used | p. 533 |
| Data related to the exposure assessment framework according to United States - Environmental Protection Agency (1998) | p. 534 |
| Data related to the exposure assessment framework according to International Atomic Energy Agency (2001) | p. 540 |
| Monitoring data on media and food concentrations | p. 542 |
| Symbols, indices and compartment acronyms used for parameter and process description | p. 559 |
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