Haworth Innovations in Feminist Studies

* About the Editors * Contributors * Foreword * Acknowledgments * Introduction to Art and Women at the Margins * Why Art? * Chapter 1. Increasing Inequality: The Ascendancy of Neoconservatism and Institutional Exclusion of Poor Women * The Laissez-Faire Myth, the Neoconservatives, and the Liberal Model of Welfare * The American Gulag: Extending the Net of Control * The Added Oppression of Women Behind Bars * Neglect, Punishment, and Resistance of Marginalized Women * Section I: Increasing the Dual Control of Women and Distorting Their Strength * Chapter 2. Welfare Reform: Tightening the Screws * Welfare in "Crisis": 1960s-1996 * The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA) * The Work-First Strategy * The Future * Chapter 3. The Forgotten Group: Women in Prisons and Jails * Introduction * Background * Women and Crime * Behavior and Attitudes of Women in Prison * History of the Incarceration of Women * Characteristics of Female Offenders * Conclusions and Recommendations * Chapter 4. The Storm Is Passing Over: Marginalized African-American Women * African Cultural Legacies * Demographic Changes * Family Structure * Roles of Males in Families * Marginalization and Urban Sprawl * The Passing Storm * Section II: Blockages to Autonomy * Chapter 5. The Controllers and the Controlled * The Controllers and the Controlled in Political-Economic Context * Forms and Context of Control * Policy Framework of Control: Personal Responsibility and TANF * Practice Framework of Control: Welfare Workers and Welfare Recipients * Policy Framework of Control: The Get-Tough Policy * Practice Framework of Control: Relations Between Guards and Prisoners * Prospects for the Future * Chapter 6. Welfare Reform Now That We Know It: Enforcing Women's Poverty and Preventing Self-Sufficency * The Centrality of Motherhood and Family Preservation * Mothers, Work, and Welfare: Not a New Combination * The Impact of the 1996 Welfare Reform: Work Requirements and Time Limits * Evaluating the Economic Resources of Families Post-Welfare * Chapter 7. Low-Income Women and Housing: Where Will They Live? * Roots of the Crisis: Structural and Personal Factors * Affordable Housing Programs * The Housing Affordability Squeeze * Housing Is a Women's Issue * Section III: Gender, Age, and Health Interactions * Chapter 8. Triple Jeopardy: Women Marginalized by Substance Abuse, Poverty, and Incarceration * Introduction * Vicious Cycles and Downward Spirals * Substance Use and Abuse Among Women: Closing the Gender Gap * Differences in the "Addiction Careers" of Men and Women * Policies of Neglect and Punishment Toward Women with Substance Abuse Problems * Bringing an End to Vicious Cycles and Downward Spirals * Finding the Will to Change Women's Lives * Chapter 9. Life at the Margins: Older Women Living in Poverty * Demographic Trends for the Aging Female Population * The Gender of Poverty in America's Aging Population * Aging in Prison: Focus on the Older Female Prisoner * Special Needs of the Older Female Prisoner * The Older Woman Offender and Recidivism * Conclusion * Chapter 10. Teenage Pregnancy: Mediating Rotten Outcomes and Improving Opportunities * Teenage Motherhood in the United States * Attitudes, Values, and Economics * Theoretical Interpretations * The Conflict of Developmental Issues and Policy * Teenage Mothers and Welfare Reform * Teenagers' Prenatal Care Access: An Arizona Study * Support Services for Teenage Parents * Recommendation for Change to Health and Social Policy * Section IV: Bad Women, Undeserving Mothers * Chapter 11. Controlled and Excluded: Reproduction and Motherhood Among Poor and Imprisoned Women * The Links: No Safe Place * Excessive Punishment: The Sex and Gender Ta