Handbook of Radar Scattering Statistics for Terrain

By: Fawwaz T. Ulaby, M. Craig Dobson

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Hardcover | 1 March 1989

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Hardcover
372 Pages

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23.5 x 15.88 x 1.91

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Preface	p. xi
Theory of Radar Scattering Statistics	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Radar Clutter Statistics	p. 1
Causes of Radar Signal Variations	p. 2
Scattering Coefficient Data Base	p. 4
Scope of This Handbook	p. 9
The Radar Equation	p. 11
Scattering from a Point Target	p. 11
Scattering from a Distributed Target	p. 14
Narrow-Beam Scatterometer	p. 16
Imaging Radar	p. 16
Statistical Properties of a Distributed Target	p. 18
Homogeneous Medium	p. 21
Inhomogeneous Random Medium	p. 22
Statistically Homogeneous Medium	p. 24
Statistically Uniform Target	p. 25
General Behavior of [sigma][degree]	p. 25
Angular Dependence of [sigma][degree] of a Random Surface	p. 25
Dependence of [sigma][degree] on Surface Roughness	p. 26
Dependence of [sigma][degree] on Surface Moisture	p. 27
Angular Dependence of [sigma][degree] for Vegetation	p. 28
Dependence of [sigma][degree] on Vegetation Biomass	p. 30
Angular Dependence of [sigma][degree] for Snow	p. 31
Frequency Variation of [sigma][degree] for Snow	p. 33
Statistics of Signal Fluctuations	p. 35
Rayleigh Fading Statistics	p. 38
Underlying Assumptions	p. 38
Output Voltage	p. 41
Interpretation	p. 44
Multiple Independent Samples	p. 44
Linear Detection	p. 44
Square-Law Detection	p. 48
Applicability of the Rayleigh Clutter Model	p. 48
Non-Rayleigh Distributions	p. 50
Log-Normal Distribution	p. 50
Weibull Distribution	p. 54
Distribution for a Strong Point Target in Clutter Background	p. 56
Clutter Model for Nonuniform Terrain	p. 59
Uniformly Distributed Background	p. 60
Gamma Distributed Background	p. 63
Log-Normal Distributed Background	p. 63
Scintillation Reduction By Spatial Averaging And Frequency Agility	p. 65
Spatial Averaging	p. 67
Discrete Samples	p. 67
Continuous Averaging in Azimuth	p. 67
Continuous Averaging in Range	p. 69
Frequency Agility	p. 69
Decorrelation Bandwidth	p. 70
Continuous Averaging in Frequency	p. 72
Examples of Experimental Observations	p. 74
Distribution Functions Of Backscattering Coefficient	p. 79
Data Quality And Presentation Format	p. 79
Data-Quality Evaluation	p. 79
Terrain Categories	p. 80
Barren and Sparsely Vegetated Land	p. 83
Vegetated Land	p. 85
Urban Land	p. 86
Snow	p. 87
Classification Summary	p. 87
Frequency Bands	p. 88
Statistical Distributions	p. 88
Statistical Distribution Tables	p. 90
Angular Plots	p. 90
Histograms	p. 96
A Variability in the Measurement of Radar Backscatter	p. 99
References	p. 109
Backscattering Data For Soil And Rock Surfaces	p. 119
Data Sources and Parameter Loadings	p. 119
L-Band Data	p. 120
S-Band Data	p. 125
C-Band Data	p. 130
X-Band Data	p. 135
K[subscript u]-Band Data	p. 140
K[subscript a]-Band Data	p. 145
Backscattering Data For Trees	p. 147
Data Sources and Parameter Loadings	p. 147
L-Band Data	p. 148
S-Band Data	p. 151
C-Band Data	p. 152
X-Band Data	p. 154
K[subscript u]-Band Data	p. 159
K[subscript a]-Band Data	p. 164
W-Band Data	p. 165
Backscattering Data For Grasses	p. 167
Data Sources and Parameter Loadings	p. 167
L-Band Data	p. 168
S-Band Data	p. 173
C-Band Data	p. 178
X-Band Data	p. 183
K[subscript u]-Band Data	p. 188
K[subscript a]-Band Data	p. 193
W-Band Data	p. 198
Backscattering Data For Shrubs	p. 199
Data Sources and Parameter Loadings	p. 199
L-Band Data	p. 200
S-Band Data	p. 205
C-Band Data	p. 210
X-Band Data	p. 215
K[subscript u]-Band Data	p. 220
K[subscript a]-Band Data	p. 225
Backscattering Data For Short Vegetation	p. 231
Data Sources and Parameter Loadings	p. 231
L-Band Data	p. 232
S-Band Data	p. 237
C-Band Data	p. 242
X-Band Data	p. 247
K[subscript u]-Band Data	p. 252
K[subscript a]-Band Data	p. 257
W-Band Data	p. 262
Backscattering Data For Road Surfaces	p. 263
Data Sources and Parameter Loadings	p. 263
L-Band Data	p. 264
X-Band Data	p. 265
K[subscript u]-Band Data	p. 270
K[subscript a]-Band Data	p. 275
W-Band Data	p. 280
Backscattering Data For Urban Areas	p. 281
Data Sources and Parameter Loadings	p. 281
L-Band Data	p. 282
S-Band Data	p. 283
C-Band Data	p. 284
X-Band Data	p. 285
Backscattering Data For Dry Snow	p. 287
Data Sources and Parameter Loadings	p. 287
L-Band Data	p. 288
S-Band Data	p. 293
C-Band Data	p. 298
X-Band Data	p. 303
K[subscript u]-Band Data	p. 308
K[subscript a]-Band Data	p. 313
W-Band Data	p. 318
Backscattering Data For Wet Snow	p. 323
Data Sources and Parameter Loadings	p. 323
L-Band Data	p. 324
S-Band Data	p. 329
C-Band Data	p. 334
X-Band Data	p. 339
K[subscript u]-Band Data	p. 344
K[subscript a]-Band Data	p. 349
W-Band Data	p. 354
Index	p. 357
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