| Acknowledgments | p. xvii |
| Introduction | |
| Introduction | p. 3 |
| Summary | |
| The Book's Aim | p. 3 |
| What Is a Society? What Is Socioecology? | p. 4 |
| Why Primate Socioecology? | p. 6 |
| Why Gorilla Socioecology? | p. 11 |
| Structure of the Book | p. 13 |
| Primate Socioecology: A Brief Introduction | p. 17 |
| Summary | p. 17 |
| Socioecology | p. 19 |
| Food and Society | p. 23 |
| Predation and Society | p. 33 |
| Mating and Society | p. 41 |
| Rearing and Society | p. 57 |
| Conclusion | p. 59 |
| Gorillas, Ecology, and Society | |
| Introducing Gorillas: Some Background | p. 65 |
| Summary | p. 65 |
| Distribution, Taxonomy, and Study Sites | p. 65 |
| Life History and Reproduction | p. 74 |
| Conclusion | p. 87 |
| Gorilla Ecology and Society: A Brief Description | p. 91 |
| Gorilla Ecology | p. 91 |
| Summary: Gorilla Ecology | p. 91 |
| Introduction: Gorilla Ecology | p. 91 |
| Conclusion: Gorilla Ecology | p. 112 |
| Gorilla Society | p. 112 |
| Summary: Gorilla Society | p. 112 |
| Introduction: Gorilla Society | p. 113 |
| Conclusion: Gorilla Society | p. 141 |
| Female Strategies and Gorilla Society | |
| Summary | p. 145 |
| Female Strategies and Society: Food and Grouping | p. 147 |
| Summary | p. 147 |
| Introduction: Gorillas; Food, Competition, and Cooperation | p. 148 |
| Female Strategies: Food, Competition, and Grouping | p. 149 |
| Female Strategies: Food, Cooperation, and Emigration | p. 158 |
| Comparison with Pan and Pongo | p. 168 |
| Conclusion | p. 169 |
| Female Strategies: Male Influences on Females' Competition, Cooperation, and Grouping | p. 175 |
| Summary | p. 175 |
| The Male Is a Major Competitor | p. 176 |
| The Male Mitigates Competition Among Females | p. 179 |
| The Male Mitigates the Benefits of Females' Cooperation | p. 180 |
| Comparison with Pan and Pongo | p. 181 |
| Conclusion | p. 182 |
| Female Strategies: Male Influences; Joining a Protective Male | p. 187 |
| Summary | p. 187 |
| Protection from Predation | p. 187 |
| Summary: Protection from Predation | p. 188 |
| Conclusion: Escaping Predation as the Cause of Females' Association with a Male | p. 202 |
| Protection from Infanticide | p. 202 |
| Summary: Protection from Infanticide | p. 202 |
| Conclusion: Escaping Infanticide as the Cause of Females' Association with a Male | p. 214 |
| Conclusion: Predation or Infanticide? | p. 215 |
| Female Strategies: Male Influences; Emigration and Choice of Males | p. 225 |
| Summary | p. 225 |
| Introduction | p. 226 |
| Female Emigration and Mate Choice: Finding a Better Protector | p. 226 |
| Female Emigration and Mate Choice: Avoiding Inbreeding | p. 229 |
| Comparison with Pan and Pongo | p. 235 |
| Conclusion | p. 237 |
| Female Strategies: Conflict, Compromise, and Cooperation Between The Sexes | p. 241 |
| Summary | p. 241 |
| Gorilla Female Society | p. 241 |
| Gorilla Society: An Unusually Strong Influence of Males? | p. 245 |
| Gorilla Society: An Unusual Product from Interaction of Usual Rules | p. 246 |
| Male Strategies and Gorilla Society | |
| Summary | p. 251 |
| Male Strategies and Society: Influences of The Environment and of Females | p. 253 |
| Summary | p. 253 |
| Association as a Means of Access to Females | p. 253 |
| Predation, Infanticide, and Association with Females | p. 258 |
| Comparison with Pan and Pongo | p. 258 |
| Conclusion | p. 262 |
| Male Mating Strategies and Gorilla Society | p. 267 |
| Summary | p. 267 |
| Competition to Be Sole Breeder | p. 268 |
| Maturing Males: Stay or Emigrate? | p. 280 |
| Variation Across Gorilla Populations | p. 288 |
| Comparison with Pan and Pongo | p. 296 |
| Conclusion | p. 300 |
| Male Strategies and the Nature of Society: Conflict, Compromise, and Cooperation Between the Sexes | p. 305 |
| Summary | p. 305 |
| Gorilla Society: The Influence of Females on Males | p. 306 |
| Gorilla Society: The Influence of Males on Females | p. 307 |
| Gorilla Society: Conflict, Compromise, and Cooperation | p. 307 |
| Males and Society: A Familiar Case Study? | p. 308 |
| Males and Society: An Unfamiliar Case Study? | p. 310 |
| Gorilla Society: The Future | |
| Gorilla and Primate Socioecology: The Future | p. 313 |
| Summary | p. 313 |
| Gorilla Society Yesterday | p. 315 |
| Gorilla Society Today | p. 317 |
| Gorilla and Primate Society Tomorrow | p. 318 |
| Socioecology and Gorilla Conservation | p. 337 |
| Summary | p. 337 |
| Introduction | p. 338 |
| Conservation's Five Questions: Why? What? How Much? Where? How? | p. 338 |
| Socioecology and Conservation | p. 358 |
| Conclusion | p. 373 |
| References | p. 377 |
| Author Index | p. 441 |
| Subject Index | p. 451 |
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