Fundamentals of Physical Metallurgy

Introduction

Chapter 1 Description of Crystals

1.1 Atom Packing in fcc and hcp Crystals

1.2 The Stereographic Projection

Chapter 2 Structure Determination

2.1 X-ray Diffraction

2.2 Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)

2.3 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

Chapter 3 the Plastic Deformation of Metal Crystals

3.1 Slip Systems

3.2 Resolved Shear Stress (Schmidt Factor)

3.3 Single-Crystal Tensile Tests (fcc)

3.4 Relationship to Polycrystalline Deformation

3.5 Theoretical Strength of Metals

Chapter 4 Dislocations

4.1 The Edge Dislocation

4.2 The Screw Dislocation

4.3 Mixed Dislocations

4.4 Terminology of "Crooked" Dislocations

4.5 Dislocation Loops

4.6 Mobile Dislocations in Real Crystals

4.7 Observation of Dislocations

4.8 Elastic Strain Energy

4.9 Energy of Dislocations

4.10 Forces upon Dislocations

4.11 The Stress Field Produced by Dislocations

4.12 Line Tension

4.13 Extended Dislocations

4.14 Dislocations in fcc Metals

4.15 Frank-Read Generator

4.16 Interpretation of Plastic Flow in Terms of DislocationMotion

Chapter 5 Vacancies

5.1 Vacancy Formation

Chapter 6 Diffusion

6.1 Phenomenological Approach

6.2 Atomistic Approach

Chapter 7 Interfaces

7.1 Classification, Geometry, and Energy of Interfaces

7.2 Surface Tension and Surface Free Energy of Interfaces

7.3 The Shape of Grains in Two and Three Dimensions

7.4 Grain-Boundary Segregation

7.5 Motion of Grain Boundaries

Chapter 8 Nucleation

8.1 Homogeneous Nucleation

8.2 Heterogeneous Nucleation

Chapter 9 Solidification

9.1 Nucleation

9.2 Solidfication of Pure Metals

9.3 Solidification of Alloys

9.4 Solidification of Eutectic Alloys

9.5 Cast Metals

Chapter 10 Recovery and Recrystal- Lization

10.1 Stored Energy

10.2 Release of Stored Energy during Annealing

10.3 Kinetics of Recovery

10.4 Nucleation Mechanisms for Recrystallization

10.5 Kinetics of Recrystallization

10.6 Control of Recrystallization Temperature and Grain Size

10.7 Related Topics

Chapter 11 Precipitation from Solid Solutions

11.1 Review of Free-Energy Composition Diagrams

11.2 The Precipitation Transformation

11.3 Nucleation in the Solid State

11.4 Kinetics of Precipitation Reactions

11.5 Precipitation Hardening

Chapter 12 Diffusion-Controlled Growth of EquilibriumPrecipitates

12.1 Single-Phase Precipitates

12.2 Eutectoid Transformations

12.3 Discontinuous Precipitation

Chapter 13 Martensitic Transformations

13.1 Twinning

13.2 Crystallography of Martensitic Transformations

13.3 Some Characteristics of Martensitic Transformations

13.4 Thermodynamics

13.5 Thermoelastic Martensites

13.6 Additional Characteristics of MartensiticTransformations

13.7 Nucleation of Martensite

13.8 Summary and Comparison with Massive Transformations

13.9 Bainite

Chapter 14 Some Applications of Physical Metallurgy

14.1 Strengthening Mechanisms

14.2 Strength and Ductility

14.3 The Physical Metallurgy of Some High-Strength Steels

Appendix A S.I. Units

Index