From Classical to Modern Chemistry : The Instrumental Revolution

The Instrumental Revolution

By: Peter J T Morris (Editor)

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Hardcover | 1 December 2001

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376 Pages

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22.86 x 15.24 x 1.91

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Most chemists today have either taken part in, or been affected by, the chemical revolution that has taken place over the course of the last century. Developments in instrumentation have changed not just what chemists do, but also how they think about chemistry. New and exciting areas of previously inaccessible research have been opened up as a direct result of this revolution. This is the first book to examine this instrumental revolution and goes on to assess the impact on chemical practice in areas ranging from organic chemistry and biochemistry to environmental analysis and process control, thus demonstrating how fundamental and extensive are the changes that have occurred. With contributions from internationally recognised specialists, this lavishly illustrated book provides a focal point for any historian of chemistry or chemist with an interest in this fascinating topic. This book is published in association with the Science Museum, London, UK and the Chemical Heritage Foundation, Philadelphia.

Industry Reviews

"... a major contribution to the history of chemistry in the 20th century."

* Chemistry in Britain, October 2002, p 63 *

"The reader will value this book at whatever career stage, beginner or master ... a work of long-term academic research value."

* Chemistry & Industry, 6 January 2003, p 24 *

"... this is a vastly stimulating book which should be read by all those interested in the history of chemistry."

* Chromatographia, 57, February 2003, No 3/4, p 261, 262 *

"... agreeable to read ... of wide appeal ..."

* Analyst Website, 2002 *

"The reader will be richly rewarded by this fine work finding depth in the case studies of various instruments and breadth in the range of ideas related to the science/technology interaction in chemistry."

* Hyle, Vol 9, September 2003, p 123-126 *

"... the historian and the interested chemist can learn much from this instructive and enjoyable book."

* Ambix, 50, 2003, p 234 *

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Authors	p. xxiii
Setting the Scene
Technological Innovation in Science: The Adoption of Infrared Spectrosocpy by Chemists	p. 3
Beginnings	p. 6
Wartime Developments	p. 13
Efforts in Britain	p. 13
The Synthetic Rubber Program	p. 15
Petroleum Refining	p. 17
The Dissemination of Infrared Technology	p. 18
Comparative Examples	p. 20
Conclusion	p. 23
Acknowledgements	p. 26
Notes and References	p. 26
Analytical Chemistry and the 'Big' Scientific Instrumentation Revolution	p. 29
Introduction	p. 29
Evidence of the Change in Analytical Chemistry	p. 30
From Separation and Manufacture to Identification and Control	p. 36
A Crisis of Identity	p. 39
Ralph Muller's Science of Instrumentation	p. 42
The Instrumentation Transformation in Analytical Chemistry and Scientific Revolutions	p. 46
The Fourth Big Revolution	p. 49
Notes and References	p. 53
The Role of Physical Instrumentation in Structural Organic Chemistry in the Twentieth Century	p. 57
Introduction	p. 57
Early Responses to the New Instrumental Technology	p. 58
Classical Methods	p. 59
Evolution of Chemical Instrumentation	p. 61
Development of X-ray Methods	p. 62
Ultraviolet and Infrared Spectroscopy	p. 65
Woodward Rules	p. 68
Octant Rule	p. 69
Mass Spectroscopy	p. 70
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance	p. 73
Promotion of Physical Methods Through Publications	p. 77
Conclusion	p. 80
Further Reading	p. 80
Notes and References	p. 82
Instrument Development in Social, Economic and Political Context
Then ... and Now	p. 87
Research-technology Instrumentation: The Place of Chemistry	p. 95
Introduction	p. 95
The Ultracentrifuge	p. 96
Origins and Evolution of Research-technology	p. 99
German Origins	p. 99
Research-technology in the US	p. 101
Components of Research-technology	p. 103
Genericity	p. 103
Interstitiality	p. 104
Metrology	p. 104
What About Chemistry Instrumentation?	p. 105
The Case of Interactive Molecular Graphics	p. 106
Conclusion	p. 109
Notes and References	p. 110
Adam Hilger, Ltd and the Development of Spectrochemical Analysis	p. 111
Introduction	p. 111
Spectrum Analysis Before the First World War	p. 112
Adam Hilger, Ltd	p. 114
Black-boxing the Spectroscope	p. 116
Inventing the Routine	p. 120
Routines Adopted	p. 123
Conclusion	p. 125
Notes and References	p. 126
Histories of Baird Associates	p. 129
Son of Baird Associates	p. 129
BA: A History of Devices	p. 131
BA: A History of Company Culture and Conflict	p. 135
As a History of Social Networks	p. 138
BA: A History of Financing	p. 140
BA: Ideas of Science, Technology and Culture	p. 142
Notes and References	p. 146
Production Control Instruments in the Chemical and Process Industries	p. 149
Introduction	p. 149
Background	p. 150
Understanding the Control Problem	p. 151
Development of Theoretical Understanding	p. 154
Consolidation 1940-1955	p. 156
Electronics	p. 158
Digital Computers	p. 160
Conclusion	p. 163
Notes and References	p. 165
Impact of Instrumentation on Chemistry
Tools, Instruments and Concepts: The Influence of the Second Chemical Revolution	p. 171
Introduction	p. 171
Technology and The Advancement of Science	p. 173
The Affect from the Second Chemical Revolution	p. 174
Use of Instruments and Construction of Concepts	p. 178
The Showcase and Approval by the Peers	p. 181
The Location of Instruments in the Practice of Chemistry	p. 183
Conclusion	p. 185
Acknowledgement	p. 186
References	p. 186
The Impact of Instrumentation on Chemical Species Identity From Chemical Substances to Molecular Species	p. 188
Introduction: The Ontological Issue of Identity	p. 188
Historical Steps Towards Canonical Substance Characterisation	p. 190
Canonical Characterisation of New Substances	p. 191
Support from Chemical Structure Theory	p. 193
The Social Side of Substance Identity Claims	p. 194
The Impact of Instrumentation: Introductory Remarks	p. 196
A Preliminary Note on Histographic Method	p. 196
The Rise of Spectroscopic Characterisation Since 1950	p. 197
Parallel Changes	p. 200
Towards Spectroscopic Substance Identity	p. 201
The Fingerprint Approach	p. 201
The Structure Determination Approach	p. 202
From Substance Identity to Molecular Species Identity	p. 203
Conclusion	p. 206
Acknowledgements	p. 208
Notes and References	p. 208
Organic Chemistry and Instrumentation: R. B. Woodward and the Reification of Chemical Structures	p. 212
Introduction	p. 212
The Second Revolution	p. 215
Conclusion	p. 224
Notes and References	p. 225
The Chemistry of an Instrument: Mass Spectrometry and Structural Organic Chemistry	p. 229
Introduction	p. 229
Use of Mass Spectrometry in the Petroleum and Chemical Industries	p. 231
Klaus Biemann at MIT	p. 235
Carl Djerassi at Stanford University	p. 240
Acknowledgements	p. 244
Notes and References	p. 244
Impact of Instrumentation on Biomedical and Environmental Sciences
Innovation in Chemical Separation and Detection Instruments: Reflections on the Role of Research-technology in the History of Science	p. 251
Introduction	p. 251
The Invention of the ECD and its Dissemination to New Contexts of Use	p. 252
Instrumentation in Environmental Analysis	p. 254
Instruments of Separation in the Life Sciences	p. 255
Conclusion	p. 256
Notes and References	p. 257
'Parts per Trillion is a Fairy Tale': The Development of the Electron Capture Detector and its Impact on the Monitoring of DDT	p. 259
Introduction	p. 259
The Person	p. 259
The Place	p. 260
Feeling the Draught	p. 262
Saving the Hamster	p. 263
Finding the Peaks	p. 266
Creating the Electron Capture Detector	p. 267
Finding a Molecule in a Billion	p. 272
Worrying About Pollution	p. 276
Notes and References	p. 277
Instrumentation in Environmental Analysis, 1935-1975	p. 285
Introduction	p. 285
American Cyanamid and Infrared Spectrophotometry	p. 286
American Cyanamid and Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry	p. 290
Instrumental Analysis of Halocarbons	p. 291
Gas Chromatography	p. 292
Detection Limits and Detectors	p. 294
Polluted Waters	p. 295
Pesticides	p. 299
PCBs	p. 302
Consensus and Analytical Protocol	p. 302
Notes and References	p. 303
The Impact of Chromatographic and Electrophoretic Techniques on Biochemistry and the Life Sciences	p. 309
Introduction	p. 309
Paper and Thin-Layer Chromatography	p. 310
Paper, Agar, Starch and PAGE Electrophoresis	p. 314
An 'Automatic Recording Apparatus' and Other Machines	p. 317
Haemaglobins, or Human Genetics and the Competition Between Separation Techniques	p. 320
The 'Romantic Period' in the Study of Genetic Variations	p. 323
Conclusions	p. 326
Notes and References	p. 327
Index	p. 333
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved.

From Classical to Modern Chemistry : The Instrumental Revolution

The Instrumental Revolution

At a Glance

Hardcover

Industry Reviews

Shipping

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Defective items

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