Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xv
1 Fluoropolymers for Membranes 1
1.1 Membrane Technology 1
1.2 Fluoropolymers for Membranes 4
1.3 PVDF and Its Copolymer 4
1.3.1 Homopolymeric PVDF 10
1.3.2 Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride-co-Tetrafluoroethylene) (P(VDF-co-TFE)) 14
1.3.3 Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride-co-Hexafluoropropene) (P(VDF-co-HFP)) 18
1.3.4 Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride-co-Chlorotrifluoroethylene) P(VDF-co-CTFE) 19
1.3.5 Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride)-g-Poly(Styrene Sulfonic Acid) PVDF-g-PSSA 19
1.3.6 Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride-Trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE)) 21
1.4 PTFE and Its Copolymer 22
1.4.1 Homopolymeric PTFE 22
1.4.2 Perfluorosulfonic Acid-PFSA 25
1.4.3 Poly(Tetrafluoroethylene-co-Perfluoropropyl Vinylether) (PFA) 27
1.4.4 Tetrafluoroethylene Hexafluoropropylene Copolymer-FEP 28
1.4.5 Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene Copolymer-ETFE 29
1.5 ECTFE and Other Fluoropolymers 29
References 31
2 Fabrication and Modification of Fluoropolymeric Membranes 41
2.1 Overview of Fluoropolymeric Membrane Fabrication and Modification 41
2.2 Fluoropolymeric Membrane Fabrication 41
2.2.1 Solvent Evaporation 42
2.2.2 Non-Solvent Induced Phase Separation 42
2.2.3 Thermally Induced Phase Separation 46
2.2.4 Vapor-Induced Phase Separation 49
2.2.5 Electrospinning 52
2.2.6 Stretching 54
2.2.7 Newly Emerging Fabrication Methods 55
2.3 Fluoropolymeric Membrane Modification 58
2.3.1 Surface Coating 58
2.3.2 Surface Grafting 60
2.3.3 Blending 61
2.3.4 Pore Filling 61
2.3.5 Copolymerization 61
2.3.6 Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization 62
References 63
3 Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) (PVDF) Membrane 71
3.1 Overview of PVDF Membrane 71
3.2 Fabrication of PVDF Membrane 71
3.2.1 Phase Separation Method 71
3.2.1.1 Non-Solvent-Induced Phase Separation (NIPS) Process 72
3.2.1.2 Thermally Induced Phase Separation 73
3.2.1.3 Non-Solvent Thermally Induced Phase Separation 75
3.2.1.4 Vapor-Induced Phase Separation 77
3.2.2 Electrospinning 77
3.2.3 Evaporation-Induced Phase Separation Method 79
3.2.4 Freezing 81
3.3 Modification of PVDF Membrane 82
3.3.1 Hydrophilic Modification 82
3.3.2 Hydrophobic Modification 84
3.3.3 Piezoelectric Modification 85
3.4 Processes of PVDF Membrane 87
3.4.1 PVDF Membrane for Membrane Distillation and Crystallization 87
3.4.1.1 Membrane Distillation 87
3.4.1.2 Membrane Crystallization 87
3.4.2 PVDF Membrane for Membrane Condenser 94
3.4.3 Piezoelectric PVDF Membrane Process 96
3.4.3.1 Reducing Membrane Fouling 96
3.4.3.2 Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering 98
References 100
4 Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) Membrane 111
4.1 Overview of PTFE Membrane 111
4.1.1 Structure of PTFE 111
4.1.2 Properties of PTFE 112
4.1.3 PTFE Membranes 114
4.2 Fabrication of PTFE Membrane 115
4.2.1 Preparation of PTFE Flat Membrane 117
4.2.2 Preparation of PTFE Hollow Membrane 117
4.2.2.1 Pressing-Stretching-Sintering Method 118
4.2.2.2 Dry-Wet Spinning 119
4.2.2.3 Paste Extrusion-Stretching 120
4.2.2.4 Pore-Forming Agent-Assisted Sintering Method 121
4.2.2.5 Wrapping 122
4.2.3 Electrospinning 124
4.3 Modification of PTFE Membrane 125
4.3.1 Surface Modification 125
4.3.2 Filler Modification 127
4.4 PTFE Coating 128
4.5 Processes of PTFE Membrane 129
4.5.1 Membrane Distillation 129
4.5.2 Oil-in-Water Emulsions 129
4.5.3 Membrane Absorption 130
4.5.4 Membrane Degassing 132
4.5.5 Mbr/mabr 133
4.5.5.1 Mbr 133
4.5.5.2 Mabr 135
4.5.6 Membrane Emulsification 135
References 137
5 ECTFE Membrane 143
5.1 Overview of ECTFE Membrane 143
5.2 Fabrication of ECTFE Membrane 144
5.2.1 ECTFE Membrane Fabricated by TIPS Method 144
5.3 Modification of ECTFE Membrane 149
5.3.1 Graft Copolymerization 149
5.3.2 Surface Oxidation 150
5.4 Processes of ECTFE Membrane 151
5.4.1 ECTFE Membrane for Membrane Condenser 151
5.4.2 ECTFE Membrane for Membrane Distillation 154
5.4.3 ECTFE Membrane for Organic Solvent Filtration 154
5.4.4 ECTFE Membrane for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (pemfc) 157
5.4.5 ECTFE Membrane for Oil–Water Emulsion Separation 157
References 159
6 Other Fluoropolymers for Membranes 161
6.1 Fluorinated Copolymers 162
6.1.1 Fluorinated Block Copolymers 162
6.1.2 Graft Copolymer 163
6.2 Hyflon AD 163
6.2.1 Introduction 163
6.2.2 Preparation Process 164
6.2.3 Application 164
6.3 Pfpe 166
6.3.1 Introduction 166
6.3.2 Preparation Process 166
6.3.3 Application 167
6.4 Copolymerization of Chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE) and Vinyl Ethers (VEs) 168
6.4.1 Introduction 168
6.4.2 Application 169
6.4.3 Polymer/Protein Complexes 169
6.5 Pctfe 170
6.5.1 Introduction 170
6.5.2 Preparation Process 171
6.5.3 Application 171
References 172
7 Fluoropolymer Membranes in Water Treatment 175
7.1 Introduction 175
7.2 Fluoropolymer Membranes for Producing Drinking Water 175
7.2.1 Introduction to the Application of Membrane Technology in Drinking Water Treatment 175
7.2.2 Fluoropolymer Membrane for Producing Drinking Water 177
7.2.3 Typical Application Cases 178
7.2.3.1 Household Water Purification System 178
7.2.3.2 Municipal Tap Water Treatment 178
7.3 Fluoropolymer Membranes for Treating Municipal Sewage 179
7.3.1 Introduction of Municipal Sewage 179
7.3.2 Fluoropolymer Membrane for Treating Municipal Sewage 179
7.4 Fluoropolymer Membrane for Desalinating Seawater 183
7.4.1 Typical Purification Technology of Desalinating Seawater 183
7.4.2 Fluoropolymer Membrane for Desalinating Seawater 184
7.5 Fluoropolymer Membrane for Treating Industrial Wastewater 185
7.5.1 Typical Membrane Separation Technology for Treating Industrial Wastewater 185
7.5.2 Fluoropolymer Membrane for Treating Industrial Wastewater 186
References 189
8 Fluoropolymers for Membrane Contactor and Pressure-Driven Applications 197
8.1 Introduction 197
8.1.1 Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) 198
8.1.2 Polytetrafluoroethylene 199
8.1.3 Ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene 200
8.1.4 Other Fluoropolymers 200
8.1.4.1 Hyflon 200
8.2 Fluoropolymers in Membrane Contactors 201
8.2.1 Membrane Distillation 201
8.2.1.1 Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) Membranes in MD: Some Examples 204
8.2.1.2 Polytetrafluoroethylene Membranes in MD: Some Examples 204
8.2.1.3 Ethylene-Chlorotrifluoroeethylene Membranes in MD: Some Examples 205
8.2.1.4 Hydrophobicity in MD Applications 205
8.2.1.5 Wetting and Fouling Prevention in MD Applications 207
8.2.1.6 Omniphobicity 207
8.2.1.7 Amphiphilicity 208
8.2.2 Membrane Crystallization 208
8.2.3 Membrane Dryers 210
8.2.4 Membrane Emulsification 210
8.2.5 Membrane Condenser 214
8.3 Pressure-Driven Membrane Processes 216
8.3.1 Ultrafiltration 217
8.3.2 Microfiltration 218
8.4 Conclusions 219
References 220
9 Fluoropolymers for Fuel Cell: Membranes and Ionomers 233
9.1 Introduction 233
9.1.1 Fuel Cell Technology 233
9.1.2 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell 233
9.1.3 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell 235
9.1.4 Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell 236
9.2 Fluoropolymers for Fuel Cells 237
9.3 Radiation Grafting 241
9.4 Fluoropolymers for PEMFC 243
9.5 Fluoropolymers for Direct Methanol Fuel Cell 248
9.6 Fluoropolymers for Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell 250
9.7 Fluoropolymers as Binder Materials 254
9.8 Conclusions 257
References 258
10 Fluoropolymers for Lithium-Ion Battery Separator 265
10.1 Introduction 265
10.1.1 Li-Ion Battery 265
10.2 Requirements of Li-Ion Battery Separators 268
10.3 Types and Fabrication of Separators 270
10.4 Gel Polymer Electrolytes 272
10.5 Fluoropolymers for Membrane Separators and Polymer Electrolytes 273
10.5.1 Pvdf 273
10.5.2 Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride-Hexafluoro Propylene) 276
10.6 Next-Generation Li Battery 277
10.6.1 Li-Air Battery Separator 279
10.6.2 Li-S Battery Separator 280
10.7 Conclusions 281
References 282
Index 289
![Ready for Dessert : My Best Recipes [A Baking Book] - David Lebovitz](https://www.booktopia.com.au/covers/200/9780593836293/3321/ready-for-dessert.jpg)
