Faith and Fashion in Turkey

Figures 4
Abbreviations 8
Glossary 10
Introduction 15
The Bourdieuan Framework of Field and Everyday Religion 18
The Body and Embodiment: Multiple Muslim Identities 24
Faith and Consumption 26
Spaces and Spatialities 30
Taking a Snapshot 32
Reaching Members, Holding Interviews 34
Outline of the Book 37
Chapter 1. Historical Context: Politics, Religion, Society, and the Communities 42
The Foundation and the Early Years of the Republic 42
The Return of the Restricted: Islam in Politics as Religious Populism 45
Political and Social Lives in the 1960s and 1970s 47
The 1980s and 1990s: Economic Liberalisation and its Socioeconomic Impacts 50
The AKP Rule: From 2002 to the present 53
The Communities 53
The G¼len Community 53
The S¼leymanl? Community 59
The Menzil Community 61
Veiling Practices and the Headscarf Ban in Turkey 62
Conclusion 68
Chapter 2. Fields and Habitus: The Religious Field of Sunni Islam and the Community Fields 70
The Religious Field of Islam in Turkey: The Structure and Structural Openings 71
Islamic Rules of Dressing and Modesty: The Informantsâ References and Negotiations 75
Acquisition of Muslim and the Community Habitus: The Community Meetings and Worship 82
Being Raised with Community Habitus, Becoming one of the Community Personnel 90
Visual Clues to Community Identities 97
Strategic Changes and Different Levels within the Communities 103
Publicly Distinguishable Clues to Piety and Community Membership of Men 107
Conclusion 113
Chapter 3. Power and Politics: Interactions between Fields 116
Conflict and Conformity: Fields and Players 116
Religious Education and ?mam-Hatip Schools 118
Struggle over Authority and Activity within the Religious Field of Sunni Islam in Turkey 121
Field Relations: The Bureaucratic Field and Community Fields 125
The Community Fields: Mobility and Permeability 132
Faith in the Marketplace: The G¼len, S¼leymanl?, and Menzil Communities 138
The G¼len Marketplace 139
The S¼leymanl? Marketplace 147
The Menzil Marketplace 155
Conclusion 162
Chapter 4. The Body and Space: Gendered Understandings and Practices 167
Community Spaces and Spatial Practices 169
Being Veiled/Non-Veiled, Becoming Veiled: Experiences of Women 179
Masculinities and Femininities: In the Turkish Muslim Context and in the Faith-Inspired Communities 185
Visibilities and Invisibilities of âMuslimâ Women and Men: in the Turkish Context and Community Fields 193
Conclusion 204
Chapter 5. Fashion and Consumption 206
Religiously-Related Apparel 206
From Tesett¼rwear to the Modest Fashion Field 210
The Intersected and Intertwined: The Mainstream and the Modest Fashion Fields 217
Headcoverings: Habitus and Taste Regimes 221
Trends and Trendsetters of the Modest Fashion Field 229
Conclusion 240
Conclusion 246
Appendix 259
References 263