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Exotic Nuclear Excitations : The Transverse Wobbling Mode in 135 Pr - James Till Matta

Exotic Nuclear Excitations

The Transverse Wobbling Mode in 135 Pr

By: James Till Matta

Hardcover | 4 April 2017

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.1 Rotation of Deformed Nuclei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.1.1 Axial Deformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.1.2 Triaxiality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.1.2.1 Chirality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.1.2.2 Wobbling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.1.2.3 Triaxiality in the A 130 Region . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1.2 Previous Cases of Wobbling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

1.3 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

CHAPTER 2: NUCLEAR MODELS FOR HIGH SPIN PHENOMENA . . . . 10

2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

2.2 The Shell Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

2.3 The Deformed Shell Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

2.3.1 Parameterization of Deformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

2.3.2 The Nilsson Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

2.4 Collective Rotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

2.4.1 Rigid Triaxial Rotor Model (TRM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

2.4.2 Quasiparticle + Triaxial Rotor (QTR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

2.4.3 Pairing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

2.4.4 Tilted Axis Cranking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

2.4.4.1 Rotation About A Principal Axis . . . . . . . . . . . 33

2.4.4.2 Rotation About A Tilted Axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

2.5 The Wobbling Mode in Nuclei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

2.5.1 Models of the Wobbling Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

2.5.1.1 Simple Wobbling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

2.5.1.2 Transverse Wobbling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

2.5.1.3 Longitudinal Wobbling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

2.5.2 Signatures of Wobbling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

CHAPTER 3: EXPERIMENTAL METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

3.1 Heavy-ion Fusion-evaporation Reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

3.1.1 Creation and Decay of the Compound Nucleus . . . . . . . . . 44

3.1.2 Choice of Beam and Target . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

3.2 Gamma-ray Spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

3.2.1 Gamma-ray Interaction with Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

3.2.2 High Purity Germanium (HPGe) Detectors . . . . . . . . . . . 53

3.2.3 Escape Suppression with BGO Detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

3.2.4 The Gammasphere Detector Array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

3.2.5 Indian National Gamma Array (INGA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

3.3 Experimental Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

3.3.1 ATLAS/Gammasphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

3.3.2 TIFR - BARC Pelletron LINAC / INGA . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

3.4 Data Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

3.4.1 Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

3.4.2 Level Scheme Scheme Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

3.4.3 Background Subtraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

3.4.3.1 Symmetric Gates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

3.4.3.2 Asymmetric Gates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

3.5 Directional Correlation of Gamma-rays from Oriented Nuclei (DCO) . 80

3.5.1 Angular Distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

3.5.2 DCO Ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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