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Evolution of Wild Emmer and Wheat Improvement

Population Genetics, Genetic Resources, and Genome Organization of Wheat's Progenitor, Triticum Dicoccoides

By: Eviatar Nevo, E. Nevo, A. B. Korol

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Hardcover | 29 January 2002

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Hardcover
388 Pages

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23.5 x 15.88 x 2.54

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This book is about the contribution to evolutionary theory and agricultural technology of one of humankind's most dramatic imitations of the evolu tionary process, namely crop domestication, as exemplified by the progenitor of wheat, Triticum dicoccoides. This species is a major model organism and it has been studied at the Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, since 1979. The domestication by humans of wild plants to cultivated ones during the last ten millennia is one of the best demonstrations of evolution. It is a process that has been condensed in time and advanced by artificial rather than natural selection. Plant and animal domestication revolutionized human cultural evolution and is the major factor underlying human civilization. A post-Pleistocene global rise in temperature following the ice age, i.e., climatic-environmental factors, may have induced the expansion of econom ically important thermophilous plants and in turn promoted complex forag ing and plant cultivation. The shift from foraging to steady production led to an incipient agriculture varying in time in various part of the world. In the Levant, agriculture developed out of an intensive specialized exploitation of plants and animals. Natufian sedentism, followed by rapid population growth and resource stress, induced by the expanding desert, coupled with available grinding technology, may have triggered plant domestication.

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Non-Fiction Science Science in General Scientific Equipment Engineering & Technology Agriculture & Farming Agricultural Science Agronomy & Crop Production Cereal Crops Biology, Life Sciences Life Sciences in General Evolution

Botany & Plant Sciences Plant Ecology Ecological Science Forestry & Silviculture Practice & Techniques Nature & The Natural World Trees, Mushrooms, Wildflowers & Plants The Earth & Natural History in General

Origin and Evolution of Wheat	p. 1
Domestication of Wheats	p. 3
Introduction	p. 3
Cytogenetic and Taxonomic Background	p. 4
The Origin of the A Genome	p. 6
The Origin of the B Genome	p. 8
Emmer and Durum Wheats: Triticum turgidum	p. 8
Genetic Erosion of Cultivated Wheats and the Need to Restore Diversity	p. 9
Wild Emmer, Triticum dicoccoides, Wheat Progenitor: Origin and Evolution	p. 11
Origin	p. 11
Classification	p. 12
Ecology	p. 14
Domestication	p. 16
Centers of Origin and Diversity of Wild Ancestors and Crop Improvement	p. 19
Israel as a Natural Laboratory of Wild Genetic Resources	p. 19
Multidisciplinary Research Program of Wild Emmer Wheat, Triticum dicoccoides,for Wheat Improvement, at the Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Israel	p. 21
Population Genetics of Wild Emmer Wheat	p. 23
Macrogeographic Population Genetic Studies of Triticum dicoccoides in the Fertile Crescent, Israel and Turkey: Allozyme and DNA Polymorphisms	p. 25
Allozymic Diversity	p. 25
General Overview of Molecular Evolution	p. 25
Patterns of Allozyme Diversity of Wild Emmer	p. 26
Population Genetic Structure of Wild Emmer Wheat	p. 31
"Archipelago" Population Genetic Structure of Wild Emmer Wheat	p. 31
Spatial Autocorrelation of Allozymes	p. 43
Multilocus Structure of Allozymes	p. 43
Adaptive Nature of Allozyme Polymorphisms	p. 44
RAPD Genetic Diversity	p. 46
Patterns of RAPD Variation and Genetic Diversity	p. 46
Genetic Structure	p. 47
RAPD Discriminant Analysis	p. 47
RAPD Genetic Distance	p. 48
RAPD Spatial Autocorrelation	p. 49
Multiple Regression Analysis of Environmental Variables and RAPD Polymorphisms	p. 50
RAPD versus Allozyme Genetic Diversity Profiles	p. 53
Microsatellite (SSR) Diversity	p. 54
SSR Genetic Diversity	p. 55
Patterns of SSR Diversity	p. 57
Summary of SSR Genetic Diversity	p. 58
SSR versus RAPD and Allozyme Genetic Diversity Profiles	p. 59
Population Genetic Structure	p. 60
SSR Genetic Distance	p. 60
SSR Discriminant Analysis	p. 61
Genetic Structure of Wild Emmer Wheat Populations	p. 62
Ecological Correlates: Multiple Regression Analysis of SSR Polymorphism on Environmental Variables	p. 63
Diversity and Utility of Wheat SSRs	p. 63
Genetic Diversity of Wild Emmer versus Cultivated Wheat	p. 66
Ribosomal DNA Diversity	p. 67
Structure, Function, and Evolution of Ribosomal DNA	p. 71
Growth Characteristics in Wild Barley, Hordeum spontaneum, Populations from Different Habitats in Israel	p. 72
Microgeographic Studies of Allozyme and DNA Polymorphisms in Triticum dicoccoides	p. 75
Divergence of Multilocus Allozyme Structure in Wild Emmer Wheat Across a Dipping Basalt Plateau in the Golan: Qazrin versus Yehudiyya	p. 75
Microclimatic Stress and Adaptive Allozyme and DNA Differentiation: Sun versus Shade at the Yehudiyya Microsite	p. 77
Allozymic Diversity: Sun-Shade Divergence	p. 78
Distribution of Polymorphism Among Loci	p. 80
Analysis of Genetic Diversity Within and Between Populations	p. 81
Genetic Differentiation at the Two-Locus Level	p. 83
Multilocus Organization: Sun versus Shade	p. 84
Shade Ecology	p. 84
Neighbor Effects, Population Size, and Migration in Wild Emmer	p. 85
Multilocus Microclimatic Differentiation in Wild Emmer	p. 85
Aridity and Lightless Stress Selection in Wild Emmer and Other Organisms	p. 86
RAPD Diversity: Sun-Shade Divergence	p. 87
RAPD Discriminant Analysis	p. 88
RAPD Linkage Disequilibria	p. 91
Microsatellite DNA Differentiation	p. 93
The Distribution of Alleles at SSR Loci	p. 93
SSR Genetic Distance	p. 99
SSR Discriminant Analysis	p. 99
Linkage Disequilibrium (LD) Between SSR Loci	p. 100
Genetic Effect on SSR Variation	p. 101
Mutational Mechanisms for Producing SSR Variation	p. 102
Edaphic, Topographical, and Temporal Factors Affecting Allozyme and DNA Differentiation of Wild Emmer Wheat at the Tabigha Microsite, Northern Israel	p. 102
Edaphic Allozyme Divergence	p. 105
Distribution of Polymorphism Among Loci	p. 105
Distribution of Alleles	p. 105
Association with Soil Type	p. 108
Genetic Summary	p. 111
Discriminant Analysis	p. 111
Analysis of Genetic Diversity, He, Within and Between Populations	p. 114
Genetic Differentiation at the Two Locus Level	p. 115
Multilocus Organization - Terra Rossa versus Basalt	p. 115
Natural Selection of Allozymic Diversity	p. 116
Edaphic SSR DNA Divergence in Wild Emmer Wheat at the Tabigha Microsit	p. 117
Distribution of Allelic Diversity at Polymorphic SSR Loci	p. 118
SSR Permutation Test	p. 118
SSR Genetic Diversity and Distance Between the Terra Rossa and Basalt Soils	p. 120
Microsatellite Diversity of Repeat Numbers Between the Terra Rossa and Basalt Subpopulations	p. 122
SSR Discriminant Analysis	p. 124
Linkage Disequilibrium (LD) Between SSR Loci	p. 124
Differential Physiological Response in Wild Barley Across the Edaphically Subdivided Transect at Tabigha	p. 125
Population Dynamics of Triticum dicoccoides in a Natural Habitat in Eastern Galilee: The Ammiad Microsite Study	p. 126
General Characteristics of the Ammiad Microsite	p. 128
Population Dynamics	p. 129
Phenotypic Patterns	p. 129
Disease Resistances	p. 130
High-Molecular-Weight Glutenin Polymorphisms: Spatiotemporal Ecological Factors	p. 131
Allozyme Diversity: Spatiotemporal Ecological Factors	p. 131
Spatiotemporal Allozyme Divergence Caused by Aridity Stress at the Ammiad Microsite: Extended Study over the 6 Years	p. 133
Allozymic Correlations with Rainfall and Soil Moisture over the 6 Years	p. 137
Genetic Diversity of Allozymic Loci: Summary over the 6 Years	p. 138
Partition of Allozymic Diversity over the 6 Years	p. 138
Correlation of Allele Frequencies and He Among Allozymic Loci over 6 Years	p. 141
Variable Selection of Protein Groups over the 6 Years	p. 144
Allozymic Diversity and Water Availability in Critical Growth Periods	p. 144
SSR Divergence in Wild Emmer Wheat at Ammiad	p. 146
Distribution of Alleles at Polymorphic SSR Loci	p. 147
SSR Variation in Repeat Number	p. 148
SSR Gene Diversity Among the Four Habitats	p. 151
SSR Genetic Differentiation Among the Four Habitats	p. 151
Genetic Distances Among the Four Subpopulations	p. 151
SSR Genetic Diversity in Subpopulations from Eight Subhabitats	p. 151
SSR Spatial Autocorrelation
Multiple Regression Analysis of Ecological Factors and SSR Diversity	p. 153
SSR Discriminant Analysis	p. 153
Linkage Disequilibrium (LD) Between SSR Loci	p. 156
SSR Multilocus Structure	p. 158
Parallel Microgeographic Patterns of Genetic Diversity and Divergence Revealed by Allozyme, RAPD, and Microsatellites in Triticum dicoccoides at Ammiad, Israel
Patterns of Genetic Diversity Among the Four Subpopulations	p. 160
Genetic Diversity over All Four Subpopulations	p. 160
Partition of Genetic Diversity Within and Among the Four Subpopulations	p. 162
Genetic Distance	p. 164
Microsatellite Diversity Correlated with Ecological-Edaphic and Genetic Factors in Three Microsites of Wild Emmer Wheat in North Israel	p. 165
Divergence Among the Three Populations of Triticum dicoccoides	p. 166
Divergence Between Terra Rossa and Basalt Groups	p. 167
Genetic Effects on SSR Diversity	p. 170
Effects of Genetic and Environmental Factors on SSR Variation	p. 172
Contribution of Genetic and Environmental Factors to SSR Variation	p. 173
Determination of Mutational Mechanisms and Edaphic Effect on SSR Diversity	p. 174
Genetic Resources of Wild Emmer for Wheat Improvement	p. 177
Genetic Variation in Agronomic Traits	p. 179
Quantitative Morphological and Physiological Variation in Phenotypes and Genotypes	p. 179
Genetic Variation in Phenotypic Agronomic Traits	p. 179
Heat Production in Wild Cereals	p. 181
Abiotic Stress Tolerance and Variation in Physiological Performances: Salt and Drought Tolerance	p. 182
Salinity Tolerance	p. 183
Genetic Polymorphisms in 22Na Uptake	p. 183
Drought Tolerance	p. 187
Herbicide Response	p. 187
Grain Protein Quality and Quantity	p. 189
The Genetics of Grain Protein Content	p. 193
Utilization of High Grain Protein from Wild Emmer	p. 194
Wheat Storage Proteins and Glutenin DNA Diversity in Triticum dicoccoides in Israel	p. 195
Utilization of Glutenin Diversity in Bread-Making Quality	p. 195
Genetic Differentiation of Higher Molecular Weight Glutenin Subunits	p. 195
Glutenin DNA Diversit	p. 198
Amino-Acid Resources in Triticum dicoccoides: Polymorphisms and Predictability by Ecology and Isozymes	p. 203
Amino Acids in Wild Emmer	p. 206
Amylases	p. 207
The Amylase Multigene Family	p. 212
Evolutionary Considerations	p. 212
Importance of Amylase Variation for Wheat Improvement	p. 213
Disease Resistance Polymorphisms in T. dicoccoides (Host-Pathogen Coevolution in the Center of Diversity)	p. 214
Powdery Mildew, Erysiphe graminis tritici	p. 214
Leaf Rust, Puccinia recondita tritici	p. 216
Stem Rust, Puccinia graminis tritici	p. 217
Stripe Rust, Puccinia strüformis tritici	p. 220
Responses of Israeli Triticum dicoccoides to Selected Australian Pathotypes of Puccinia Species	p. 221
Resistance to Wheat Soilborne Mosaic Virus (WSBMV)	p. 221
Photosynthetic Characters in Triticum dicoccoides and Their Predictability by Ecological and Genetic Factors	p. 225
Diurnal Rhythms of mRNAs for the Chlorophyll a/b Binding Protein in Wild Emmer Wheat and Wild Barley in the Fertile Crescent	p. 229
Crop Improvement	p. 230
Genetically Engineered Plants for Crop Improvement	p. 230
Potential and Actual Genetic Resources of Triticum dicoccoides and Future Wheat Breeding	p. 231
Utilization of Triticum dicoccoides in Breeding	p. 232
Genome Organization and Genetic Mapping	p. 239
Genome Structure of Triticum dicoccoides	p. 241
Molecular Genetic Maps	p. 241
Introduction: Molecular Markers as a Tool for Genetic Mapping	p. 241
Marker Polymorphism Between Triticum durum and Triticum dicoccoides	p. 242
Construction of the Molecular Genetic Map	p. 243
Distribution of Molecular Markers Among the Genomes and Chromosomes	p. 252
Clustering of Marker Loci	p. 252
Nonrandom Distribution of AFLP Markers	p. 254
Conserved Order of Microsatellite Loci and Structural Changes of Chromosomes	p. 255
Segregation and Recombination upon Crossing Triticum dicoccoides with Triticum durum	p. 256
Distorted Monogenic Ratios	p. 256
Quasi-Linkage: Nonrandom Segregation of Nonhomologous Chromosomes	p. 258
Negative Crossover Interference	p. 262
Coevolution of A and B Genomes in Triticum dicoccoides	p. 265
Introduction	p. 265
Probing of Triticum dicoccoides Genome with DNA from Its Putative Diploid Ancestors	p. 267
Interaction of Two Genomes in the Polyploid	p. 269
Genetic Mapping of Agronomically Important Traits	p. 273
Resistance to Diseases: High-Density Map of 1B Chromosome Region Harboring Stripe-Rust Resistance Genes Yr15 and YrH52	p. 273
Introduction	p. 273
Why Mapping?	p. 274
Updated High-Density Molecular Map ofYr15 and YrH52 Regions and Preliminary Discrimination of YrH52 and Yr15 Genes	p. 275
Resistance Gene Cluster on Chromosome 1BS	p. 277
Herbicide Resistance	p. 279
Mapping QTLs for Agronomically Important Traits in Triticum dicoccoides	p. 284
Introduction	p. 284
QTL Detection: The Experimental Design	p. 285
Genomic Distribution of QTLs for Agronomic Traits	p. 286
Summary of the Revealed QTL Effects	p. 293
Molecular Evolution and Ecological Stress in Wild Emmer Wheat at Regional and Local Scales: Natural Selection in Action	p. 297
Overview	p. 297
Evidence	p. 297
Theory	p. 299
Evolutionary Forces and Adaptive Complexes	p. 299
Maintenance of Genetic Diversity in Wild Emmer Wheat	p. 299
Diversifying and Balancing Natural Selection	p. 300
Effect of Ecological Selection on Single SSR Locus	p. 301
Mutational Mechanisms of SSRs	p. 301
Interaction of Replication Slippage and Recombination	p. 302
Functional Perspectives of SSRs	p. 303
Microclimatic Selection	p. 305
Edaphic Selection	p. 305
Topographic and Microgeographic Drought Effects	p. 306
Natural Selection and Linkage Disequilibria of SSR Alleles	p. 306
Ecological Selection and Clustering of Allele Size Frequency Distribution	p. 307
Ecological Effect on SSR Mutational Mechanisms	p. 308
Natural Selection and RAPD-DNA Diversity	p. 309
Natural Selection and Allozymic Diversity	p. 311
Random Genetic Drift and Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution	p. 312
Gene Flow	p. 314
Hitchhiking Effect	p. 315
Conclusions and Prospects	p. 317
Conclusions and Prospects	p. 319
Wheat as Model Organism	p. 319
Genetic Diversity of Wild Emmer for Wheat Improvement	p. 319
Unique Population Genetic Structure and Center of Origin of Wild Emmer Wheat	p. 320
Genetic Resources	p. 321
Prospects	p. 321
Theoretical Perspective	p. 322
Applied Perspective	p. 322
References	p. 323
Subject Index	p. 353
Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved.

Evolution of Wild Emmer and Wheat Improvement

Population Genetics, Genetic Resources, and Genome Organization of Wheat's Progenitor, Triticum Dicoccoides

At a Glance

Hardcover

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