List of Figures vii
List of Tables ix
Foreword xiii
Series Preface xxvii
Acknowledgments xxix
One Overview of Cross-Battery Assessment and the Cross-Battery Assessment Software System (X-BASS) 1
Two How to Organize, Analyze, and Interpret Cross-Battery Data Using X-BASS 27
Three DD/C as the Core of SLD Identification: History, Definitions, and Contemporary Practice 65
Four How to Use the PSW and SLD Evidence Tabs in X-BASS 95 Five Diagnostic Cross-Battery Assessments for Reading, Writing, and Math Referrals 119
Six When Evaluations Disagree But the Data Do Not: How Interpretation Shaped a Child's Reading Support 181
Seven A Case of Conceptual/Reasoning Dyscalculia 201
Eight Cross-Battery Assessment and Evaluation of Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Populations 213
Nine The Cognitive Profiles of Students with Reading and Math Learning Difficulties and Corresponding Evidence-Based Interventions 247
Appendix A The Contemporary Cattell-Horn-Carroll Taxonomy: Broad and Narrow Ability Definitions and Task Examples 253
Appendix B Expert-Consensus Study for New Tests/Subtests Included in X-BASS 3.0 263
Appendix C The Evolution of Cognitive-Achievement Relations Research: Past, Present, and Future 271
Appendix D Intercorrelations and Reliability Coefficients Used to Calculate XBA Composites in X-BASS 291
Appendix E Convergent Validity of X-BASS CHC Composites: A Large-Scale Comparison with Norm-Referenced Composites 297
Appendix F Continuous Variables and Categorical Decisions About SLD 301
Appendix G Exclusionary Criteria in the Diagnosis of SLD 313
Appendix H Manifestations of Cognitive Weaknesses 319
Appendix I Batteries and Tests Included in X- BASS 3.0 333
Appendix J Phonological and Orthographic Reading Errors: A Diagnostic Guide and Related Interventions 341
Appendix K Phonological and Orthographic Spelling Errors: A Diagnostic Guide and Related Interventions 349
Appendix L Manifestations of Cognitive Strengths 357
Appendix M Calculation of the Facilitating Cognitive Composite in the Dual Discrepancy/Consistency Pattern of Strengths and Weaknesses Method 371
Appendix N Manifestations of at Least Average Ability to Think and Reason Across Grade Levels 375
Appendix O Calculation of Domain- Specific Cognitive Weakness and Unexpected Underachievement in the Dual Discrepancy/Consistency Pattern of Strengths and Weaknesses Method in X- BASS 377
Appendix P Addressing Measurement Error to Improve Specific Learning Disability Identification Accuracy and School Psychologists' Confidence 381
Appendix Q Real- World Manifestations of Academic Skill Weaknesses 395
Appendix R Sample Report From Intervention Libraryâ"IL for a 3rd-Grade Student with a Weakness in Retrieval Fluency 407
Appendix S Sample Report From Intervention Libraryâ"IL for a 7th-Grade Student with a Weakness in Working Memory Capacity 415
Appendix T Sample Report From Intervention Libraryâ"IL for a 10th-Grade Student with a Weakness in Reading Comprehension 423
Afterword 431
Index 433
