Epistemology & Methodology I

of Epistemology I.- 1. Descriptive Epistemology.- 2. Normative Epistemology (Methodology).- 3. Epistemology and Biology.- 4. Epistemology and Psychology.- 5. The Place of Epistemology.- 6. Uses of Epistemology.- 7. Concluding Remarks.- I. Cognition and Communication.- 1. Cognition.- 1. The Knowing Subject.- 1.1. The Cognitive Organ.- 1.2. Brain States and Processes.- 2. Cognitive Functions.- 2.1. Perceiving, Thinking, and all that.- 2.2. Learning.- 3. Development and Evolution.- 3.1. Cognitive Development.- 3.2. Cognitive Evolution.- 4. Concluding Remarks.- 2. Knowledge.- 1. From Cognition to Knowledge.- 1.1. Knowledge Acquisition and Use.- 1.2. Knowledge Evolution.- 2. Modes of Knowledge.- 2.1. Basic Categories.- 2.2. Tacit and Explicit Knowledge.- 3. Belief.- 3.1. Belief System.- 3.2. Belief and Knowledge.- 4. Inquiry.- 4.1. Field of Knowledge.- 4.2. How is Knowledge Possible?.- 5. Concluding Remarks.- 3. Communication.- 1. Subject and World.- 1.1. Subject-Object Relation.- 1.2. Inter-Subject Relation.- 2. Social Matrix.- 2.1. Cognitive Habitat and Niche.- 2.2. Learning Community.- 3. Communication.- 3.1. Communication System.- 3.2. Language, Thought, and Reality.- 4. Concluding Remarks.- II. Perceiving and Thinking.- 4. Perceiving.- 1. From Sensing to Perceiving.- 1.1. Sensing.- 1.2. Perceiving.- 2. Observing.- 2.1. Direct Observation.- 2.2. Indirect Observation.- 3. Mapping Reality.- 3.1. Perceptual Mapping.- 3.2. Appearance and Reality.- 4. Concluding Remarks.- 5. Conceiving.- 1. Concept.- 1.1. From Percept to Concept.- 1.2. Concept Formation.- 2. Proposition.- 2.1. From Thought to Proposition.- 2.2. A Priori and a Posteriori.- 3. Exactification.- 3.1. From Vagueness to Exactness.- 3.2. Quality and Quantity.- 4. Representation.- 4.1. Conceptual Map.- 4.2. Discovery or Invention?.- 5. Concluding Remarks.- 6. Inferring.- 1. From Spontaneity to Formality.- 1.1. Natural Reasoning.- 1.2. Formal Reasoning.- 2. Plausible Reasoning.- 2.1. Analogical Inference.- 2.2. Statistical Inference and Hypothetical Reasoning.- 3. Discussing.- 3.1. Analysis and Criticism.- 3.2. Controversy.- 4. Concluding Remarks.- III. Exploring and Theorizing.- 7. Exploring.- 1. Exploratory Behavior.- 1.1. Psychobiology of Problems.- 1.2. Sources and Choices.- 2. From Intuition to Method.- 2.1. Intuition.- 2.2. Method.- 3. Approach and Research.- 3.1. Approach.- 3.2. Research.- 4. Analysis of Problems.- 4.1. Logic and Semantics of Problems.- 4.2. Solved, Unsolved, Insoluble.- 5. Concluding Remarks.- 8. Conjecturing.- 1. From Preconception to Hypothesis.- 1.1. Psychobiology of Conjecturing.- 1.2. Hypothesis.- 2. Scope and Depth.- 2.1. Scope.- 2.2. Depth.- 3. Chance and Cause.- 3.1. Probabilistic Hypotheses.- 3.2. Causal Hypotheses.- 4. Requirements.- 4.1. Strength and Precision.- 4.2. Systemicity and Scrutability.- 5. Concluding Remarks.- 9. Systematizing.- 1. Classification and Theory.- 1.1. Classification.- 1.2. Theory.- 2. Construction and Reality.- 2.1. Theory Construction.- 2.2. Theory and Reality.- 3. Convention and Law.- 3.1. Convention.- 3.2. Law.- 4. Concluding Remarks.- Appendices.- 1. The Power of Mathematics in Theory Construction: A Simple Model of Evolution.- 2. The Prose Identifying the Variables.- Index of Names.- Index of Subjects.