Preface | |
Environmental Pollution | p. 1 |
Environmental Change | p. 1 |
Scope of the Term 'Pollution Control' | p. 4 |
Pollution Damage | p. 7 |
Objectives of Pollution Control | p. 9 |
Systems of Administration | p. 21 |
Necessary Elements of a System of Control | p. 21 |
Systems of Control | p. 22 |
The Policy Makers | p. 23 |
The Administration | p. 23 |
Enforcement Process | p. 24 |
Safeguards for the General Public | p. 29 |
Democracy and Justice | p. 32 |
Safeguards Against Corruption | p. 34 |
Integrated Systems of Control | p. 35 |
System of Internal Departmental Controls | p. 38 |
Control by Independent Authority | p. 40 |
The Choice Between the Two Main Systems | p. 41 |
Other Systems of Control | p. 43 |
Techniques of Control | p. 47 |
Purposes of Control Measures | p. 47 |
Objectives and Standards | p. 48 |
Product Standards and Performance Standards | p. 50 |
Classification of Controls | p. 54 |
The Contribution of Economic Instruments to Environmental Management | p. 54 |
Administrative Controls | p. 63 |
Legal Controls - Civil | p. 67 |
Legal Controls - Criminal | p. 69 |
Enforcement | p. 99 |
Forms of Enforcement | p. 99 |
Powers and Duties of Authorities Enforcing Criminal Provisions | p. 99 |
Special Powers of Enforcement Officers, and Necessary Safeguards for the Operator or Discharger | p. 103 |
Civil Liability | p. 105 |
Pollution Control and Civil Liability | p. 105 |
Standards Applied in Civil and Criminal Liability | p. 106 |
Forms of Civil Liability | p. 107 |
Criteria Appropriate to Liability for Pollution Damage | p. 109 |
Damage from Unattributable Sources | p. 112 |
Environmental Damage - Willing and Competent Plaintiffs | p. 114 |
Limitations on Liability | p. 122 |
Rights of Individuals | p. 131 |
Nature and Sources of Individual Rights | p. 131 |
Right to Information | p. 134 |
Right to Submit and have Considered Objections and Representations | p. 138 |
Appeals | p. 138 |
Private Prosecutions | p. 141 |
Actions Against the Control Authorities | p. 142 |
Polluter Pays Principle | p. 145 |
Meaning and Scope of the Polluter Pays Principle | p. 145 |
Compensation for Pollution Damage | p. 148 |
Exceptions to the Polluter Pays Principle | p. 150 |
Application of the Principle in Practice | p. 151 |
Scope of the Polluter Pays Principle | p. 152 |
The Polluter Pays Principle - Policy and Practice | p. 155 |
International Obligations | p. 157 |
Introduction | p. 157 |
The Sources of International Law | p. 158 |
Transnational Administrative Law | p. 159 |
The Definition of Pollution at International Law | p. 161 |
General Principles of International Environmental Law and the Problem of International Responsibility | p. 162 |
The Types of Pollution | p. 167 |
Regional Approaches to Marine Pollution | p. 174 |
Global Warming and Ozone Depletion | p. 177 |
Environmental Policies of the EC | p. 178 |
Conclusion | p. 179 |
Appendix A : United Kingdom | p. 181 |
Type of Constitution | p. 181 |
Legislation | p. 182 |
Administration of Pollution Controls | p. 183 |
Public Watchdogs | p. 184 |
Appendix B : United States of America | p. 185 |
Type of Constitution | p. 185 |
Legislation | p. 186 |
Administration of Pollution Controls | p. 186 |
Work of the Environmental Protection Agency on Standards and Controls | p. 191 |
Control of Pollution of the Atmosphere | p. 192 |
Appendix C : Sweden | p. 195 |
Type of Constitution | p. 195 |
Legislation | p. 196 |
Administration of Pollution Controls | p. 197 |
Research | p. 199 |
Appendix D : Denmark | p. 201 |
Type of Constitution | p. 201 |
Legislation | p. 202 |
Administration of Pollution Controls | p. 202 |
Appendix E : France | p. 205 |
Type of Constitution | p. 205 |
Jurisprudence | p. 206 |
Administration of Pollution Controls | p. 206 |
Integrated System of Control for Certain Classified Installations | p. 209 |
Appendix F : Federal Republic of Germany | p. 211 |
Type of Constitution | p. 211 |
Legislature | p. 211 |
Administration | p. 213 |
Judiciary | p. 215 |
Forms of Control | p. 217 |
Appendix G : New Zealand | p. 221 |
New Zealand Environment Act | p. 221 |
Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment | p. 221 |
Ombudsman | p. 224 |
Appendix H : Examples of Existing Legislative Provisions | p. 225 |
Enforcement and Improvement Notices | p. 225 |
Control, Prohibition and Stop Notices and Orders | p. 227 |
Freedom of Information | p. 229 |
Obligation to Consult | p. 238 |
Index | p. 241 |
Table of Contents provided by Blackwell. All Rights Reserved. |