| Preface | p. ix |
| A Review of the Fundamentals of Acoustics | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Acoustic Waves | p. 2 |
| Linear Systems | p. 4 |
| Linear Equation of State | p. 7 |
| Plane Acoustic Waves | p. 11 |
| Specific Acoustic Impedance | p. 14 |
| Spherical Acoustic Waves | p. 15 |
| Acoustic Energy and Intensity | p. 18 |
| Transmission and Attenuation of Sound | p. 22 |
| Transmission | p. 22 |
| Reflection | p. 25 |
| Refraction of Sound | p. 26 |
| Diffraction | p. 28 |
| Scattering of Sound | p. 29 |
| Interference | p. 29 |
| Attenuation of Sound | p. 29 |
| The Two-Dimensional Wave Equation | p. 40 |
| References | p. 46 |
| Problems | p. 47 |
| Analysis and Design Methods | p. 49 |
| Introduction | p. 49 |
| State-Space Concepts | p. 49 |
| Nonlinear Systems | p. 65 |
| Steady-State Concepts | p. 67 |
| Acoustic Impedance | p. 70 |
| Transduction | p. 81 |
| The Transducer as an Electrical Network | p. 82 |
| Reciprocal Transducers | p. 86 |
| Antireciprocal Transducers | p. 90 |
| Transmitters | p. 92 |
| Experimental Methods | p. 96 |
| References | p. 101 |
| Problems | p. 102 |
| Acoustic Level Measurement Systems | p. 105 |
| Introduction | p. 105 |
| A Review of Level Gauging Systems | p. 107 |
| Float and Wire Systems | p. 107 |
| Pressure Contact Systems | p. 109 |
| Pressure Sensing System | p. 111 |
| Manometer-Servo Water Level Sensors (Bubblers) | p. 116 |
| Capacitance Systems | p. 118 |
| Acoustic Level and Depth Gauging Systems | p. 121 |
| Shock Wave Tube Acoustic System | p. 121 |
| Air Acoustic Level--Depth Gauging System | p. 122 |
| Error Analysis for Air Acoustic Systems | p. 128 |
| Detection Methods | p. 132 |
| Transmission Equations | p. 138 |
| Beamwidth and Directivity | p. 145 |
| Horns | p. 148 |
| General Transmission Equation for Acoustic Ranging Systems | p. 154 |
| The Effects of Noise | p. 164 |
| A Practical Form for the Acoustic Ranging Equation | p. 172 |
| Concluding Statement | p. 179 |
| References | p. 181 |
| Problems | p. 182 |
| Atmospheric Acoustic Echosounders (SODARs) | p. 185 |
| Introduction and Historical Overview | p. 185 |
| The Atmosphere | p. 199 |
| The Quiet Atmosphere | p. 199 |
| The Turbulent Atmosphere | p. 205 |
| Acoustic Sounders (SODARs) | p. 209 |
| SODAR Configuration | p. 209 |
| Transducer, Horn, and Reflector (Antenna) Design | p. 223 |
| Transmitter and Low-Noise Receiver Requirements | p. 230 |
| Signal Processing and Display Methods | p. 238 |
| Concluding Statement | p. 265 |
| References | p. 265 |
| Problems | p. 274 |
| Acoustic Pyrometry | p. 279 |
| Introduction | p. 279 |
| Gas Temperature Measurement | p. 283 |
| Optical Pyrometers | p. 286 |
| Radiation Pyrometers | p. 288 |
| Acoustic Pyrometers | p. 289 |
| Background Information | p. 289 |
| Theory of Opeation | p. 290 |
| The Speed of Sound in Combustion Gasses | p. 294 |
| Errors in Acoustic Pyrometry | p. 297 |
| Background Noise and Attenuation Characteristics in Furnaces | p. 307 |
| Acoustic Pyrometer Transmitters | p. 311 |
| Acoustic Pyrometer Receivers | p. 314 |
| Horns and Waveguides | p. 315 |
| Signal Processing Methods | p. 317 |
| Isothermal Mapping of Temperature | p. 318 |
| Experimental Data and Field Trials | p. 326 |
| Concluding Statement | p. 330 |
| References | p. 331 |
| Problems | p. 332 |
| Atmos 1 | p. 337 |
| Runge-Kutta Program | p. 341 |
| Useful Conversions | p. 349 |
| Bessel Functions, Directivity Functions, and Impedance Functions | p. 351 |
| Physical Properties of Solids, Liquids, and Gasses | p. 357 |
| The Development of the SODAR Equation | p. 359 |
| Program to Calculate Acoustic Constants for Combustion Gasses and Excerpts from ANSI/ASME PTC 11-1984 "FANS" | p. 365 |
| Index | p. 377 |
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