Endocrines and Osmoregulation

A Comparative Account in Vertebrates

By: P.J. Bentley

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Hardcover | 12 March 2002 | Edition Number 2

At a Glance

Hardcover
312 Pages

Edition Type
Revised

Dimensions(cm)
24.77 x 17.15 x 2.54

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The opportunity to prepare a second edition of a book that was originally written 30 years ago has provided me with both a challenge and a source of pleas- over ure; the former as it needed to be spatially constrained within its original limits. Nevertheless, over 1000 references have been added. I must apologize to the many biologists whose contributions could not be included. I have attempted to keep the original format and historical perspective. The information has been princi- pally described within the context of each phyletic group of the vertebrates and their habitats. Each chapter is reasonably self-contained, but appreciation of mate- rial in later chapters, as often indicated, can be amplified by reference to Chap- ters 1 and 2. Information that was provided in tables in the first edition has now often been summarized in the text. Reviewing the work of earlier contributions to this field of study has evoked many pleasant memories of friends and acquain- tances, some deceased, events and occasions. It has been a particular pleasure to perceive the consequences of such observations and know some of the answers to the questions that they raised. A new generation of such questions has now emerged, which is one of the reasons for preparing this summary. I would like to thank Professor Don Bradshaw for suggesting that this book may be welcome and Springer-Verlag for making it possible.

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You Can Find This Book In

Non-Fiction Medicine Clinical & Internal Medicine Endocrinology Sociology & Anthropology Anthropology Physical Anthropology Pre-Clinical Medicine & Basic Sciences Physiology Metabolism Science Biology, Life Sciences

Zoology & Animal Sciences Animal Physiology Biochemistry Human Biology Life Sciences in General Ecological Science

Osmotic Problems of Vertebrates	p. 1
General Introduction	p. 1
Geographical and Ecological Distribution of the Vertebrates (Osmotic Distribution)	p. 1
The Osmotic Anatomy of the Vertebrates	p. 4
Osmotic Exchanges with the Environment	p. 8
Physico-Chemical Gradients with the Environment	p. 8
Size and Surface Area	p. 8
Nature of the Integument	p. 8
Metabolism and Oxygen Consumption	p. 9
Feeding	p. 9
Forces Affecting Exchanges of Water and Solutes	p. 9
Diffusion	p. 9
Facilitated Diffusion	p. 10
Osmosis	p. 10
Evaporation	p. 11
Active Solute Transport	p. 11
Transporter Proteins Involved in Solute and Water Movements Across Cell Membranes	p. 12
Biological Structures Participating in Fluid Exchange	p. 20
The Cell Membrane	p. 20
Capillaries	p. 22
Skin	p. 23
Water Loss from the Tetrapod Respiratory Tract	p. 24
Gills	p. 25
Gut	p. 28
Urinary Bladder	p. 31
Salt Glands	p. 32
Kidney	p. 34
Functions	p. 34
Structure	p. 34
Physiology	p. 36
Regulation	p. 38
Relationships of Nitrogen Metabolism to Osmoregulation	p. 39
Osmoregulation and the Evolution of Vertebrates	p. 41
The Vertebrate Endocrine System	p. 45
Endocrine Function	p. 45
Overview	p. 46
Architecture of Hormones and Receptors	p. 46
Morphology of the Endocrine Glands	p. 48
Synthesis of Hormones	p. 49
Release of Hormones	p. 50
Hormones in the Blood	p. 51
Peripheral Metabolism of Hormones	p. 51
Mechanisms of Hormone Action	p. 52
Osmoregulatory Hormones	p. 57
The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland	p. 60
The Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS)	p. 66
Adrenocorticosteroids	p. 68
Adrenaline and Noradrenaline	p. 71
The Natriuretic Peptide Hormones	p. 72
Adrenomedullin	p. 74
Guanylin Peptides	p. 75
The Thyroid Hormones	p. 76
The Urotensins	p. 77
Mechanisms of the Hormonal Regulation of Water and Salt Across Epithelial Membranes	p. 78
Vasopressin and Vasotocin	p. 78
Mineralocorticoid Hormones	p. 81
The Mammals	p. 85
General Introduction	p. 85
Osmoregulation	p. 86
Water Loss	p. 87
Cutaneous	p. 87
Respiratory	p. 88
Renal Water Loss	p. 88
Faecal Water Loss	p. 90
Water Loss Associated with Reproduction	p. 90
Salt Loss	p. 91
The Sweat Glands	p. 91
The Gut	p. 91
The Kidney	p. 93
Accumulation of Water and Salts	p. 94
Effects of Dehydration on the Body Fluids	p. 96
The Monotremes (Egg-Laying Mammals)	p. 97
The Marsupials (Pouched Mammals)	p. 98
The Placental Mammals	p. 105
The Birds	p. 113
Water Loss	p. 116
Evaporative	p. 117
Urinary and Faecal	p. 119
Renal Water Conservation and the Neurohypophysis	p. 120
Conservation and Excretion of Salts	p. 122
Kidneys	p. 123
Nasal Salt Glands	p. 124
Conservation of Water and Salt by the Cloaca and Large Intestine	p. 126
Sources of Water and Salts	p. 128
Food	p. 128
Drinking	p. 128
Reproduction, Migration and Osmoregulation	p. 130
Osmoregulation and Hormones in Free-Living Birds	p. 132
The Reptiles	p. 133
Water Exchanges	p. 137
Skin and Respiratory Tract	p. 137
Urinary and Faecal Water Loss	p. 139
Role of the Kidney	p. 140
Role of the Cloaca-Colon Complex	p. 142
Role of the Urinary Bladder	p. 143
Salt Exchanges	p. 144
Skin	p. 144
Kidney	p. 145
Cloaca and Urinary Bladder	p. 147
Cephalic Salt Glands	p. 148
Accumulation of Water and Salts	p. 151
Reproduction and Osmoregulation	p. 152
The Amphibia	p. 155
Water Exchange	p. 163
Skin	p. 163
In Water	p. 163
In Air	p. 167
The Kidney	p. 168
The Urinary Bladder	p. 171
The Large Intestine (Colon)	p. 172
Salt Exchange	p. 173
Skin	p. 174
The Kidney	p. 177
The Urinary Bladder	p. 178
The Large Intestine (Colon)	p. 180
Nitrogen Metabolism	p. 181
Reproduction	p. 182
Accumulation of Water and Salt	p. 184
The Fishes	p. 187
The Piscine Endocrines	p. 190
Neurohypophysial Hormones	p. 191
Adrenocorticosteroids	p. 191
The Renin-Angiotensin System	p. 192
Natriuretic Peptides	p. 193
Catecholamines	p. 193
Thyroid Hormone	p. 194
Urotensins I and II	p. 194
The Growth Hormone/Prolactin Family	p. 195
Water Exchanges	p. 197
The Skin and Gills	p. 198
The Gut	p. 199
The Kidney	p. 202
Salt Exchanges	p. 206
The Skin and Gills	p. 207
The Kidney	p. 217
The Urinary Bladder	p. 218
The Gut	p. 219
Nitrogen Metabolism and Osmoregulation	p. 220
Osmoregulation and the Endocrines of Sharks and Rays	p. 221
The Hagfish	p. 228
References	p. 233
Index	p. 285
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved.

Endocrines and Osmoregulation

A Comparative Account in Vertebrates

At a Glance

Hardcover

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