Ecological Studies : Ecological Studies - Ernst-Detlef Schulze

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Ecological Studies

By: Ernst-Detlef Schulze (Editor)

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CD-ROM | 4 October 2000

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532 Pages

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22.86 x 15.24 x 1.91

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The storage of carbon in forest ecosystems has received special attention in the Kyoto protocol of the Climate Convention, which attempts to equilibrate fossil fuel emissions with biological sinks. This volume quantifies carbon storage in managed forest ecosystems not only in biomass, but also in all soil compartments. It investigates the interaction between the carbon and nitrogen cycles by working along a north-south transect through Europe which starts in northern Sweden, passes through a N-deposition maximum in central Europe and ends in Italy. Surprisingly, C storage in soils increases with N deposition; in addition, not young reforestations, but old growth forests have the highest rate of carbon sequestration. For the first time biogeochemical processes are linked to biodiversity on a large geographic scale and with special focus on soil organisms. The enclosed CD-ROM provides a complete database of all flux, storage and species observations for modellers.

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"A high quality text that lives up to the reputation of the Ecological Studies series." (Bulletin of the British Ecological Society, Vol. 32, Issue 2, 2001)

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Non-Fiction Science Biology, Life Sciences Life Sciences in General Ecological Science Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning The Environment Applied Ecology Nature & The Natural World Trees, Mushrooms, Wildflowers & Plants Earth Sciences Geology & The Lithosphere

Engineering & Technology Agriculture & Farming Forestry & Silviculture Practice & Techniques Conservation of The Environment The Earth & Natural History in General

Introduction to the European Transect
The Carbon and Nitrogen Cycle of Forest Ecosystems	p. 3
Introduction	p. 3
The Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles	p. 3
The NIPHYS/CANIF Project	p. 8
Experimental Design	p. 10
Conclusions	p. 11
References	p. 11
Experimental Sites in the NIPHYS/CANIF Project	p. 14
Site Description. The NIPHYS/CANIF Transect	p. 14
Soil Characteristics	p. 26
Ecosystem C and N Pools	p. 36
Database	p. 39
Conclusions	p. 42
References	p. 46
Plant-Related Processes
Tree Biomass, Growth and Nutrient Pools	p. 49
Introduction	p. 49
Experimental Background	p. 50
Biomass	p. 52
Forest Productivity	p. 54
Carbon and Nutrient Pools	p. 56
Allometric and Functional Relations	p. 58
Conclusions	p. 60
References	p. 62
Linking Plant Nutrition and Ecosystem Processes	p. 63
Introduction	p. 63
Experimental Approach	p. 64
Nutrient Concentrations	p. 65
Nutrient Contents	p. 73
Nitrogen Partitioning in Different Tree Compartments	p. 82
Ecosystem C and N Pools	p. 88
Conclusions	p. 95
References	p. 95
Root Growth and Response to Nitrogen	p. 99
Introduction	p. 99
Approaches to the Study of Root Growth	p. 100
Root Growth Measurements Obtained by Soil Coring	p. 105
Root Growth Measurements Obtained by Root Windows	p. 107
Root Growth Measurements Obtained by In-Growth Cores	p. 113
Root Growth at Different European Forest Sites	p. 116
Conclusions	p. 118
References	p. 119
Nitrogen Uptake Processes in Roots and Mycorrhizas	p. 122
Introduction	p. 122
Approaches to Study Different Aspects of the N Uptake Process	p. 123
Studies with Excised Roots and Mycorrhizas	p. 125
Field-Based Experiments	p. 135
Conclusions	p. 139
References	p. 141
The Fate of ¹⁵N-Labelled Nitrogen Inputs to Coniferous and Broadleaf Forests	p. 144
Introduction	p. 144
Sites of Investigation	p. 145
Approaches to Study the Fate of ¹⁵N-Labelled Nitrogen Inputs	p. 147
N Release and Tree Uptake from ¹⁵N-Labelled Decomposing Litter in a Beech Forest in Aubure	p. 150
Ecosystem Partitioning of ¹⁵N-Labelled Ammonium and Nitrate on the Sites in the Fichtelgebirge and Steigerwald	p. 157
Conclusions	p. 166
References	p. 168
Canopy Uptake and Utilization of Atmospheric Pollutant Nitrogen	p. 171
Introduction	p. 171
Atmospheric Nitrogen Pollutants	p. 172
Pathways for Canopy Uptake of Nitrogen	p. 174
Approaches to the Determination of Canopy Uptake of Nitrogen	p. 175
Review of Research	p. 177
Role in the Critical Load	p. 182
Ecophysiological Consequences of Canopy N Uptake	p. 182
Conclusions	p. 183
Way Forward	p. 183
Policy Implications	p. 184
References	p. 184
Biotic and Abiotic Controls Over Ecosystem Cycling of Stable Natural Nitrogen, Carbon and Sulphur Isotopes	p. 189
Introduction	p. 189
Approaches to the Study of Stable Isotopes in the Field	p. 189
¿¹⁵N of Ammonium and Nitrate in Wet Deposition	p. 191
Stable Isotope Signatures in Different Ecosystem Compartments	p. 197
¿¹⁵N Signatures as Indicators of N Saturation in Forest Ecosystems	p. 207
Conclusions	p. 211
References	p. 213
Heterotrophic Processes
Soil Respiration in Beech and Spruce Forests in Europe: Trends, Controlling Factors, Annual Budgets and Implications for the Ecosystem Carbon Balance	p. 217
Introduction	p. 217
Approaches to Measuring Soil Respiration	p. 218
Daily and Seasonal Trends in Soil Respiration and Climatic Variables	p. 221
Factors Controlling Soil Respiration	p. 226
Comparison of Chamber Measurements with the Eddy Covariance Measurements Below the Canopy	p. 230
Annual Budgets of Soil Respiration	p. 231
Conclusions	p. 233
References	p. 234
Annual Carbon and Nitrogen Fluxes in Soils Along the European Forest Transect, Determined Using the ¹⁴C-Bomb	p. 237
Introduction	p. 237
Forests, Sampling Procedure and Analysis	p. 239
Model Description	p. 241
Estimations of C and N Pools and Fluxes	p. 242
Pools and Distribution of Carbon and Nitrogen in Soil Profiles	p. 243
Variations in the Carbon Age and Mean Residence Times (MRTs)	p. 246
Annual Carbon and Nitrogen Fluxes	p. 248
General Discussion	p. 252
Conclusions	p. 253
References	p. 255
Carbon Mineralisation in European Forest Soils	p. 257
Introduction	p. 257
Experimental Background	p. 257
C Mineralisation in the North-South Transect	p. 260
Long-Term Fertilisation Experiments	p. 269
Mean Residence Time	p. 271
Comparison of Intact and Sieved Soil Cores	p. 271
Conclusions	p. 274
References	p. 275
Litter Decomposition	p. 276
Introduction	p. 276
Factors Affecting the Decomposition Process	p. 276
Enzymatic Activity	p. 278
Nitrogen Dynamics in Decomposing Litter	p. 279
Decomposition Studies in Europe: from DECO, VAMOS, MICS to CANIF	p. 280
Decomposition Studies Within a Latitudinal Transect of European Beech Forests	p. 281
Conclusions	p. 292
References	p. 293
Soil Nitrogen Turnover - Mineralisation, Nitrificationand Denitrification in European Forest Soils	p. 297
Background and Aim of the Study	p. 297
Methods Used to Study N Turnover	p. 299
Net N Mineralisation Based on Laboratory Studies	p. 304
Net Nitrification Based on Laboratory Studies	p. 307
Manipulation of pH, N Availability and Nitrifier Density in the Laboratory	p. 312
Autotrophic Versus Heterotrophic Nitrification	p. 314
Net N Mineralisation and Nitrification in N-Fertilisation Experiments	p. 316
Comparison of N Turnover in Similar Soils at Different Climate	p. 318
Comparison of N Turnover in Sieved and Intact Soil Cores	p. 319
In Situ Mineralisation Studies at Aubure	p. 321
Comparison ofin Situ and Laboratory-Based Mineralisation Studies	p. 323
Denitrification	p. 324
Final Discussion	p. 326
Conclusions	p. 328
References	p. 329
Nitrogen and Carbon Interactions of Forest Soil Water	p. 332
Introduction	p. 332
Approaches to Studying the Forest Soil Waters	p. 333
Soil Water Concentrations of Nitrogen and Carbon	p. 334
Correlation Between Dissolved Organic Nitrogen and Carbon	p. 337
Conclusions	p. 340
References	p. 340
Diversity-Related Processes
Fungal Diversity in Ectomyccorhizal Communities of Norway Spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] and Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) Along North-South Transects in Europe	p. 343
Introduction	p. 343
Analysis of Ectomycorrhizal Community Structure and Diversity	p. 344
ECM Communities of Spruce Forests	p. 347
ECM Communities of Beech Forests	p. 353
Genetic Diversity Within a Population of Laccarina amethystina	p. 353
Isolation and Growth of ECM Fungal Isolates on an Organic N Source	p. 357
Comparative Evaluation of Ectomycorrhizal Diversity	p. 358
Conclusions	p. 362
References	p. 363
Diversity and Role of the Decomposer Food Web	p. 366
Introduction	p. 366
Approaches to Investigating Decomposer Communities	p. 368
The Microflora	p. 369
The Soil Fauna	p. 372
Contribution of the Decomposer Food Web to C and N Flows	p. 376
Conclusions	p. 378
References	p. 379
Diversity and Role of Microorganisms	p. 382
Introduction and Background	p. 382
Experimental Background	p. 383
Community of Microfungi in Beech Forests	p. 385
Functional Diversity of Bacteria in the Litter of Coniferous Forests	p. 393
Conclusions	p. 399
References	p. 400
Integration
Spatial Variability and Long-Term Trends in Mass Balance of N and S in Central European Forested Catchments	p. 405
Introduction	p. 405
Approaches to Studying Long-Term Changes in Watersheds	p. 405
Temporal Variations and Trends	p. 407
Budgets	p. 415
Biological Cycling of Sulphur	p. 416
Conclusions	p. 417
References	p. 418
Model Analysis of Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling in Picea and Fagus Forests	p. 419
Introduction	p. 419
Model Description	p. 420
Input Data and Parameter Values	p. 427
Model Calibration and Comparison with Measured Data	p. 431
Model Analysis	p. 442
Conclusions	p. 462
References	p. 463
Interactions Between the Carbon and Nitrogen Cycleand the Role of Biodiversity: A Synopsis of a Study Along a North-South Transect Through Europe	p. 468
Introduction	p. 468
Change of Ecosystem Processes Along the European Transect	p. 468
What Limits the C and N Fluxes in These Forest Ecosystems?	p. 472
What Are Net Ecosystem Productivity (NEP) and Net Biome Productivity (NBP) and How Do They Relate to Ecosystem Parameters?	p. 477
Are There Thresholds and Non-Linearities?	p. 482
What Role Does Biodiversity Play in Ecosystem Processes?	p. 483
Conclusions	p. 487
References	p. 488
Subject Index	p. 493
Species Index	p. 499
Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved.

Ecological Studies

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