DWDM Fundamentals, Components and Applications

By: Jean-Pierre Laude

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Hardcover | 31 December 2001

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304 Pages

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22.86 x 16.51 x 1.91

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This leading-edge resource provides you with comprehensive, up-to-date coverage of the principles, technologies, standards and applications of Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM). Essential reading for technical and business professionals alike, this volume will enable you to: understand how DWDM components, devices and networks operate, examine the configuration and design trade-offs of current DWDM components and systems, assess the latest standards for optical network management, discover recent technological developments, and decide the direction and most promising areas for future R& D in the field.

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Non-Fiction Engineering & Technology Electronics & Communications Engineering Communications Engineering & Telecommunications Other Technologies & Applied Sciences Applied Optics Fibre Optics Computing & I.T.Computer Networking & Communications

Preface	p. xv
Acknowledgments	p. xvii
Introduction	p. 1
Basic Principles and Background	p. 3
Wavelength Division Multiplexing: Basic Principles	p. 3
History of WDM in a Few Words	p. 4
WDM and Time Division Multiplexing	p. 4
Wavelength Domain and Separation Between Channels	p. 5
Wavelength Allocation	p. 7
Optical Wavelength/Optical Frequency Conversion	p. 7
How Many Channels?	p. 10
Some Definitions	p. 11
Losses	p. 11
Crosstalk	p. 11
Solitons	p. 12
Soliton Propagation	p. 12
WDM of Solitons	p. 13
Frequency-Guiding Filtering	p. 15
Dispersion-Managed Solitons	p. 15
Conclusion	p. 16
References	p. 16
Dense WDM and Demultiplexers	p. 19
Passive Components: The Current Available Choice	p. 19
Dense WDMs Are Making Optical Network Design Practical	p. 19
DWDM Component Technologies	p. 20
AWG	p. 21
Earlier Research	p. 21
Principles of AWG	p. 21
Dispersion	p. 23
Free-Spectral Range	p. 23
Free Spatial Range and the Number of Available Channels	p. 24
Polarization Dependency	p. 24
Thermal Drift	p. 25
Typical Values	p. 26
Technical State of the Art	p. 26
FBG	p. 27
Periodic Modulation of Index in the Fiber Core	p. 27
Main Properties of FBG	p. 28
Different Types of Bragg Gratings	p. 30
Drift with Temperature	p. 31
Typical Specifications of Available Bragg Grating DWDM	p. 31
Optical Multidielectric Filters	p. 32
General Principles	p. 32
Materials and Processes for Enhanced Performances	p. 37
Practical Narrow Bandpass Filters DWDM	p. 38
Diffraction Gratings	p. 38
Introduction	p. 38
Efficiency Versus Wavelength	p. 41
Bandwidth of Grating Devices	p. 48
Grating Micro-Optic Devices	p. 59
Thermal Drift of Grating Micro-Optic Devices	p. 63
Cascaded Mach-Zehnder Interferometers	p. 64
Other Devices: FBG/MZ Interferometer Devices	p. 67
Methods for Broadening and Flattening the Spectral Shape of the Transmission Channels of Grating WDM	p. 68
Introduction	p. 68
Principle	p. 69
Experimental Example	p. 72
Conclusion	p. 72
Comparison of the Different Solutions	p. 74
Some Remarks	p. 74
Device Polarization Sensitivity	p. 75
Conclusion	p. 75
References	p. 77
Sources and Wavelength Converters for DWDM	p. 83
Introduction	p. 83
Semiconductor Lasers	p. 84
Laser Material	p. 84
Quantum Well Lasers	p. 85
Quantum Dot Lasers	p. 85
Edge-Emitting Semiconductor Lasers	p. 86
Vertical-Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers	p. 92
Wavelength Tunability in Semiconductor Lasers	p. 94
Glass-Doped-Based Lasers with Narrow Line-Widths	p. 96
Principle	p. 96
Fiber-Based Short-Pulse Laser Sources	p. 97
Spectral Slicing of Sources	p. 98
Principle	p. 98
Typical Examples	p. 98
Calculation of Spectral Filtering Losses	p. 101
Calculation of the Spectral Filtering Losses of Real Systems	p. 102
Combining Spectral Slicing and TDM	p. 104
SC Lightwave Optical Sources: Coherent Sources for Spectrum Slicing WDM	p. 104
Comparison of Different Technologies	p. 106
Wavelength Converters	p. 106
Introduction	p. 106
Optoelectronic Conversion	p. 108
XGM	p. 109
XPM	p. 109
FWM	p. 111
Difference Frequency Generation	p. 112
State of the Art in Wavelength Conversion in 2001	p. 113
References	p. 113
WDM and Optical Amplification	p. 125
Introduction	p. 125
SOAs	p. 125
Introduction	p. 125
FP--Type Amplifiers	p. 126
TWAs	p. 127
Modern Devices	p. 127
Brillouin Scattering Amplifiers	p. 128
Raman Scattering Amplifiers	p. 128
Rare Earth-Doped Fiber Optic Amplifiers	p. 129
Introduction	p. 129
Fundamentals of EDFAs	p. 129
Gain Band	p. 132
Historical Notes on Amplification in WDM Transmission	p. 134
Advantages and Drawbacks of EDFAs	p. 135
Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio of Erbium-Doped Fiber and Hybrid Raman/Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier Transmissions	p. 136
Erbium-Doped Planar Waveguides	p. 139
Distributed Optical Amplification	p. 140
Comparison of Some Typical Characteristics of the Main Optical Amplifiers	p. 140
References	p. 141
Routers, Cross-Connects, and Add/Drops	p. 147
Introduction	p. 147
Connections in WDM Networks	p. 147
Topological Configurations	p. 148
An Industrial Point of View on IP Transport Networks	p. 151
Switching, Routing, and Processing of Signals in the Optical Domain	p. 152
Wavelength Conversion	p. 153
Introduction	p. 153
Influence of Wavelength Conversion on Network Performances	p. 154
Network Architecture Classification	p. 154
Broadcast and Select Networks	p. 155
Wavelength Routed Networks	p. 155
Linear Lightwave Networks	p. 155
Logically Routed Network	p. 155
Multigranularity Cross-Connect Architecture	p. 156
Some Definitions Used for Interconnection Performance Characterization	p. 157
Bandwidth, Effective Bandwidth, Aggregate Bandwidth	p. 157
Signaling Rate	p. 157
Latency	p. 157
Interoperability in Optical Routed DWDM Networks	p. 158
Space Switches	p. 158
Crossbar Switches	p. 159
Routers/Selectors Switches and Benes Switches	p. 159
Enabling Technologies	p. 161
Passive Wavelength Router	p. 169
Node with Interconnected Demultiplexer/Multiplexers	p. 169
Static Grating Routers	p. 172
Optical Cross-Connector	p. 184
WSXC	p. 184
Cross-Connect with Wavelength Conversion	p. 190
Layered-Switch Architecture	p. 196
OADMs	p. 198
Introduction	p. 198
OADM with FBGs and Circulators	p. 200
Acousto-Optic Add/Drop	p. 201
Add/Drop with AWG	p. 202
Add/Drop with Free-Space Grating Solutions	p. 203
Tunability of OADM	p. 203
Cascading of OADM	p. 204
Optical Time Division Multiplexing Add/Drop	p. 205
References	p. 205
WDM Limits Caused by Optical Nonlinearities in Optical Fibers	p. 221
Introduction	p. 221
SPM	p. 222
XPM	p. 225
Interchannel XPM	p. 225
Intrachannel Cross-Phase Modulation	p. 225
Nonlinear Channel Depolarization Through XPM	p. 226
FWM	p. 227
Interchannel FWM	p. 227
Intrachannel FWM	p. 230
SBS	p. 231
SRS	p. 232
Conclusions	p. 235
Additional Note	p. 237
References	p. 237
Application of DWDM to Telecommunication Networks	p. 245
Some of the Earlier Applications	p. 245
Introduction	p. 245
First Broadband Multiwavelength Passive Optical Networks	p. 246
One of the First Access Networks Using a Multiwavelength Passive Tree	p. 247
Some of the Earlier DWDM Virtual Topologies	p. 247
Today's DWDM Networks	p. 248
Introduction	p. 248
Networks' Topologies and Transfer Modes	p. 248
WDM for Optical Switching and Routing	p. 250
Evolution Towards IP Over DWDM	p. 251
Optical Packet Switching	p. 251
Long-Distance Transmission	p. 254
Other DWDM Applications	p. 256
Conclusion	p. 256
References	p. 257
Conclusion	p. 261
References	p. 262
List of Acronyms	p. 263
About the Author	p. 271
Index	p. 273
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved.

DWDM Fundamentals, Components and Applications

At a Glance

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