| Preface | p. xiii |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Moral relativism and slavery | p. 1 |
| Cultural plurality, feminism, communitarianism, and a theory of individuality | p. 8 |
| Individuality, diverse egalitarianisms, and objectivity | p. 11 |
| Outline of the argument | p. 14 |
| The Theory of Political Freedom and Individuality: Slavery, Mutual Regard, and Modern Egalitarianism | |
| A common good and justice in war | p. 21 |
| Some leading features of moral realism | p. 21 |
| A common good and ethical discovery | p. 26 |
| Aristotle's two types of just war | p. 34 |
| The objectivity of Aristotle's political and moral theory | p. 38 |
| Montesquieu's response to Aristotle on slavery and war | p. 44 |
| Hegel's theory of freedom | p. 52 |
| Hegel's two kinds of just war | p. 56 |
| Liberalism, Marxism, and democratic internationalism | p. 62 |
| The capacity for moral personality and the ambiguities of liberalism | p. 70 |
| Six criticisms of moral objectivity | p. 70 |
| Berlin on freedom | p. 71 |
| Popper on moral advance | p. 74 |
| Barber on democracy, reasonable compromise, and truth | p. 76 |
| Rawls on slavery and democratic autonomy | p. 79 |
| Taylor on history and moral personality | p. 84 |
| Fishkin and metaethical consensus | p. 85 |
| Eudaemonism without history: Finnis, Hampshire, and Putnam | p. 89 |
| Conflicts of goods: Wiggins on deliberation | p. 93 |
| Walzer on relativism and democracy | p. 94 |
| Harman's inadvertent moral explanation | p. 99 |
| Why internalism fails | p. 104 |
| Empiricism, neo-Kantianism, and realism in science and ethics | p. 108 |
| A realist alternative | p. 109 |
| The justification and decline of positivism | p. 114 |
| The eccentricities of ethical empiricism | p. 123 |
| Theory saturatedness, revolutionary change, and neo-Kantianism | p. 125 |
| Realism as theory-dependent insight into the world | p. 130 |
| Scientific epistemology as a guide to semantics | p. 136 |
| Semantics-generated moral relativisms | p. 138 |
| Theoretical progress and semantic complexity | p. 142 |
| Neo-Kantianism and moral realism | p. 149 |
| The best conventionalist challenge: a mimicking of realism | p. 150 |
| The uneven development of branches of knowledge objection | p. 156 |
| The arbitrary historical continuities criticism | p. 157 |
| The dissolution of theory in practice objection | p. 158 |
| The Western relativity of progress objection | p. 160 |
| The nonreplicability of ways of life argument | p. 165 |
| Individual moral view quasi-realism | p. 167 |
| Pure quasi-realism | p. 170 |
| The slenderness of realism objection | p. 172 |
| Putnam's criticisms of realism and moral realism | p. 173 |
| Is reference indeterminate? | p. 177 |
| Causality and borderline cases | p. 183 |
| Value presuppositions versus moral objectivity | p. 188 |
| Democracy and Individuality in Modern Social Theory | |
| Historical materialism and justice | p. 197 |
| Marx, Weber, and moral objectivity | p. 197 |
| Three interpretations of moral epistemology | p. 199 |
| What can Marxists fairly say about injustices? | p. 206 |
| Marx's and Engels's metaethical ambiguities | p. 209 |
| Engels's and Marx's critiques of Proudhon's "eternal justice" | p. 213 |
| Utilitarianism, contractarianism, and glaring social inequalities | p. 220 |
| Scientific realism and moral realism | p. 222 |
| Structural and ethical explanation: why injustice needs to advertise | p. 229 |
| The indeterminate reference of Marxian exploitation | p. 235 |
| Two kinds of historical progress | p. 239 |
| The defectiveness of utilitarianism | p. 239 |
| The historical dialectic of conflicting moral standards | p. 244 |
| Proletarian self-emancipation and political community: a different kind of moral progress | p. 247 |
| Mill, Rawls, and Marxian communism | p. 253 |
| Liberal and radical accounts of moral progress | p. 256 |
| Two ethical models of Marxian historical theory | p. 258 |
| The Aristotelian lineage of Marx's eudaemonism | p. 263 |
| Eudaemonism and alienation | p. 264 |
| A theory of the self | p. 271 |
| Deliberation and democratic internationalism | p. 283 |
| Scientific and ethical realism in Aristotle's and Marx's economics | p. 288 |
| Miller's criticisms of moral objectivity | p. 292 |
| Radical democracy and individuality | p. 305 |
| Twentieth-century revolutions: is Marx's first stage of communism viable? | p. 305 |
| Socialist concessions to class, status, and political hierarchy | p. 309 |
| How democratic is radical democracy? | p. 316 |
| Extreme democracy as a challenge to Chinese status and political hierarchy | p. 331 |
| How radical is radical democracy? | p. 334 |
| Democracy as a cluster property | p. 345 |
| The Protestant Ethic and Marxian theory | p. 348 |
| Democracy and today's political science | p. 348 |
| Does neo-Kantianism cohere with liberal social theory? | p. 352 |
| Can a Marxian accept The Protestant Ethic's basic claim? | p. 355 |
| Can Weber account for Protestant radicalism? | p. 361 |
| Moral explanation in The Protestant Ethic | p. 365 |
| Is The Protestant Ethic liberal? | p. 369 |
| Nationalism and the dangers of predatory "liberalism" | p. 375 |
| Patriotism and internationalism | p. 375 |
| Weber's four nationalisms | p. 377 |
| Weber's social theory and contemporary politics | p. 382 |
| Can Weber explain internationalism? | p. 388 |
| Weberian tensions in Lenin's theory | p. 394 |
| War and democratic internationalism: the Soviet and Weimar revolutions | p. 397 |
| Democracy and status | p. 402 |
| An unexpected theoretical contrast | p. 402 |
| Eugenic theory and "being German" | p. 406 |
| Elective affinities and academic racism | p. 407 |
| The American South as test case | p. 413 |
| A Marxian critique of Weber | p. 415 |
| Southern multiracial movements | p. 419 |
| Bureaucracy, socialism, and a common good | p. 423 |
| Intention, responsibility, and sociological reductionism | p. 423 |
| How radicals become saints | p. 426 |
| Are Weberian politicians responsible? | p. 430 |
| Antiradical ideology and today's social science | p. 434 |
| Weber's rejection of the Russian Revolution | p. 440 |
| Is bureaucratic domination necessary? | p. 445 |
| Radical democratic rejoinders | p. 449 |
| Levels of ethical disagreement and the controversy between neo-Kantianism and realism | p. 451 |
| The complexity of core standards | p. 452 |
| Empirical conflicts | p. 453 |
| Moral controversies | p. 454 |
| Hard cases and ethical theory | p. 456 |
| Naturalistic moral epistemology | p. 456 |
| Diverse subsets of ethical argument | p. 458 |
| Core standards and "Science as a Vocation" | p. 459 |
| Individuality and Weberian liberalism | p. 464 |
| Conclusion: the project of democratic individuality | p. 467 |
| Bibliography | p. 472 |
| Index | p. 493 |
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