| List of Figures | p. ix |
| List of Tables | p. x |
| Preface | p. xi |
| Acknowledgments | p. xiii |
| Democracy and War | |
| Introduction: vox populi | p. 1 |
| Some examples | p. 3 |
| After the Cold War | p. 4 |
| A new climate: zones of peace and zones of turmoil | p. 5 |
| A policy of risk avoidance | p. 6 |
| A new kind of debate | p. 7 |
| Increased interest in a recurrent debate | p. 8 |
| More heat than light | p. 9 |
| The need to ask new questions | p. 10 |
| Central questions in this book | p. 13 |
| The structure of this book | p. 14 |
| A note on the data | p. 15 |
| Two Opposing Views | |
| Introduction: the incompatibility thesis | p. 16 |
| The arguments of both sides | p. 18 |
| The arguments in the balance | p. 24 |
| The pluriformity of democracy | p. 27 |
| The need for more research | p. 27 |
| A Recent Example and the Need to Ask New Questions | |
| The use of military force to punish Iraq | p. 28 |
| A public relations campaign that backfired | p. 28 |
| Efforts to repair the fiasco | p. 33 |
| Theoretical implications of this case | p. 33 |
| The new research agenda: four different sets of questions | p. 37 |
| Theory Formation and Empirical Knowledge | |
| The concept of public opinion | p. 41 |
| The content and character of public opinion | p. 50 |
| The sources and correlates of foreign policy beliefs | p. 56 |
| The impact of public opinion | p. 61 |
| Concluding remarks | p. 68 |
| The Software of Defence Conversion - a Paradigm Shift? | |
| Introduction: the end of the Cold War and its impact | p. 70 |
| A new international situation | p. 70 |
| Conversion as therapy? | p. 72 |
| Changes in Europe | p. 74 |
| Changes in the roles of the armed forces: the disappearance of the enemy | p. 75 |
| A summary of the new situation | p. 79 |
| Some empirical data | p. 80 |
| The question of saliency | p. 89 |
| Changes in the foreign policy climate | p. 91 |
| Three levels of attention | p. 93 |
| Support for War: the Gulf War, 1990-91 | |
| Introduction: the relevance of public opinion | p. 95 |
| What emerges from the polls | p. 96 |
| The data: the Netherlands | p. 97 |
| The data: views in other countries | p. 102 |
| Some concluding remarks | p. 110 |
| Innocence Lost: the Yugoslav Conflict | |
| An illustrative case | p. 113 |
| The impact of public opinion on policy-making | p. 114 |
| The role of the media | p. 115 |
| Support for the use of military force and participation in UN peacekeeping operations | p. 116 |
| Opinions on the conflicts in the former Yugoslavia | p. 118 |
| Erosion of support for military action | p. 118 |
| Srebrenica | p. 120 |
| A reversal of the trend? | p. 122 |
| A resilient but confused public | p. 123 |
| Support for NATO intervention | p. 124 |
| Participation in IFOR | p. 126 |
| Mixed attitudes | p. 127 |
| The evolution of government policy and the impact of public opinion | p. 127 |
| 'War without Bloodshed': the Conflict over Kosovo | |
| Introduction | p. 134 |
| Issues in the polls | p. 135 |
| The NATO bombing actions and alternative strategies | p. 136 |
| Conditions of support for the use of military force | p. 147 |
| Some general conclusions | p. 152 |
| General support for NATO actions | p. 154 |
| The Casualties Hypothesis | |
| The 'casualties hypothesis': a new phenomenon? | p. 158 |
| Reasons for the 'bodybag syndrome' | p. 160 |
| Studies of the casualties hypothesis: supportive evidence | p. 163 |
| Criticism of the casualties hypothesis | p. 166 |
| New evidence: the case of Bosnia | p. 171 |
| The case of Kosovo | p. 172 |
| Other cases | p. 179 |
| Tolerance of casualties: some conclusions | p. 180 |
| Summary | p. 180 |
| Conclusions | |
| Introduction | p. 182 |
| Caveat lector | p. 182 |
| Why we need more and better public opinion research | p. 183 |
| Nature, content and role of public opinion | p. 185 |
| The understandable and reasonable public | p. 187 |
| Towards a new paradigm? | p. 188 |
| Public support for justifiable force: the Gulf War of 1991 | p. 189 |
| A confused but resilient public: Srebrenica and after | p. 190 |
| Public support for justifiable war: the conflict over Kosovo, 1999 | p. 191 |
| A wider set of considerations | p. 192 |
| The free-rider temptation | p. 192 |
| Democracies and modern wars | p. 193 |
| Mixed and contradictory feelings | p. 195 |
| Citizens, parliaments and leaders in the democratic process | p. 197 |
| No alibi for inactivity | p. 200 |
| Notes | p. 202 |
| Bibliography | p. 232 |
| Index | p. 246 |
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