| Preface | p. VII |
| Nomenclature | p. XIII |
| Fundamental principles and processes | p. 1 |
| Applications | p. 2 |
| Sign convention | p. 3 |
| Ideal refrigeration and liquefaction processes | p. 4 |
| Ideal constant-temperature refrigeration process | p. 4 |
| Ideal gas-cooling/liquefaction process | p. 6 |
| Exergy | p. 8 |
| Exergy loss and exergy efficiency | p. 10 |
| Exergy efficiency of processes without any work interaction | p. 14 |
| Performance of an ideal gas cooler operating with a non-ideal expander | p. 16 |
| Precooled ideal liquefaction process | p. 17 |
| Linde-Hampson refrigerators and liquefiers | p. 18 |
| Joule-Thomson coefficient | p. 23 |
| Exergy efficiency of a Linde-Hampson liquefier | p. 26 |
| Exergy losses in a non-ideal Linde-Hampson liquefier | p. 27 |
| Temperature profiles in heat exchangers operating with single phase fluids | p. 28 |
| Heat exchanger effectiveness | p. 32 |
| Exergy efficiency of the Solvay and Linde-Hampson liquefaction processes | p. 37 |
| The Kapitza liquefaction process and its variants | p. 39 |
| Pinch points | p. 46 |
| Types of refrigerant mixtures | p. 49 |
| Simulation of cryogenic processes | p. 51 |
| Sequential modular simulators | p. 52 |
| Example: Open-cycle Linde-Hampson nitrogen liquefier | p. 52 |
| Tearing of recycle streams | p. 57 |
| Equation-oriented simulators | p. 57 |
| Simultaneous modular simulators | p. 58 |
| Simulation of heat exchangers with pinch points | p. 59 |
| Optimization of a Kapitza nitrogen liquefier | p. 62 |
| Need for refrigerant mixtures | p. 65 |
| Refrigeration systems | p. 65 |
| Exergy efficiency of ideal Linde-Hampson refrigerators operating with refrigerant mixtures | p. 72 |
| Cooling of gases using mixed refrigerant processes | p. 81 |
| Linde gas cooler operating with mixtures | p. 83 |
| Liquefaction of natural gas | p. 86 |
| Constant-temperature refrigeration processes | p. 89 |
| Gas refrigerant supply and liquid refrigerant supply (GRS/LRS) processes | p. 90 |
| Linde-Hampson refrigerators operating with refrigerant mixtures | p. 91 |
| Mixed refrigerant Linde-Hampson refrigerator operating at 90 K in GRS mode | p. 94 |
| Effect of pressure drop in the heat exchanger | p. 98 |
| Effect of compressor discharge pressure | p. 99 |
| Mixed refrigerant Linde-Hampson refrigerator operating at 100 K in LRS mode | p. 101 |
| Effect of the addition of neon or helium | p. 106 |
| Mixed refrigerant Linde-Hampson refrigerator operating at 85 K in GRS mode with N[subscript 2]-He-HC mixtures | p. 106 |
| Effect of precooling | p. 113 |
| Precooled mixed refrigerant process refrigerator operating at 100 K | p. 115 |
| Mixed refrigerant process refrigerator with a phase separator | p. 120 |
| Mixed refrigerant process with a phase separator operating at 100 K | p. 121 |
| Effect of separation efficiency | p. 124 |
| Mixed refrigerant process refrigerators with multiple phase separators | p. 126 |
| Summary | p. 127 |
| Optimum mixture composition | p. 129 |
| Choice of mixture constituents | p. 129 |
| Optimization of mixture composition for refrigeration processes | p. 131 |
| Optimization methods proposed in the literature | p. 131 |
| Maximization of exergy efficiency | p. 135 |
| Design variables | p. 136 |
| Example: Linde-Hampson refrigerator operating in GRS mode at 92 K with a mixture of nitrogen, methane, ethane, and propane | p. 136 |
| Example: Linde-Hampson refrigerator operating in GRS mode at 80 K | p. 140 |
| Comparison of performance of a Linde-Hampson refrigerator operating in GRS mode at 92 K with mixtures obtained using the method of Dobak et al. [32] and the present method | p. 142 |
| Optimization of mixture composition and operating pressures of liquefaction processes | p. 143 |
| Natural gas liquefaction processes | p. 149 |
| Classification of natural gas liquefaction processes | p. 150 |
| Classical cascade processes | p. 151 |
| Assumptions | p. 153 |
| Single-stage mixed refrigerant LNG process without phase separators | p. 154 |
| Precooled LNG process without phase separators | p. 164 |
| LNG processes with a phase separator | p. 170 |
| Precooled LNG process with a phase separator | p. 178 |
| Propane precooled phase separator (C3-MR) process | p. 184 |
| Mixed refrigerant precooled phase separator (DMR) processes | p. 189 |
| LNG process with multiple phase separators (Kleemenko process) | p. 199 |
| Cascade liquefaction process operating with mixtures | p. 205 |
| LNG processes with turbines | p. 212 |
| Summary | p. 219 |
| Cooling and liquefaction of air and its constituents | p. 221 |
| Single-stage processes for the sensible cooling of a pure fluid such as nitrogen | p. 222 |
| Single-stage process for the liquefaction of pure fluids such as nitrogen | p. 227 |
| Mixed refrigerant precooled Linde-Hampson liquefaction process | p. 231 |
| Mixed refrigerant precooled Kapitza liquefaction process | p. 235 |
| Liquefaction of nitrogen using the Kleemenko process | p. 241 |
| Other liquefaction processes and refrigerants | p. 248 |
| Summary | p. 249 |
| References | p. 251 |
| Index | p. 257 |
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