Cosmic Plasma

I / Survey.- I.1. Experimental and Theoretical Approach to Plasma Physics.- I.2. Plasma Phenomena in Laboratory and Space.- I.2.1. Scaling Procedures.- I.2.2. Simulation Experiments.- I.2.3. Comparison Between Laboratory and Space Investigations.- I.3. Field and Particle Aspects of Plasmas.- I.4. Present State of the Classical Theory.- I.5. Boundary Conditions. Circuit Dependence.- I.6. Cosmology and the Origin of the Solar System.- I.7. Aims of the Monograph.- II / Electric Currents in Space Plasmas.- II.1. Dualism in Physics.- II.2. Particle-Related Phenomena in Plasma Physics.- II.3. Magnetic Field lines.- II.3.1. Magnetic Field and Electric Current Description of the Magnetosphere.- II.3.2. Particle Motion in the Magnetosphere.- II.3.3. Conclusions About 'Field Line Reconnection' and 'Merging' in the Stationary Magnetosphere.- II.4. Filaments.- II.4.1. Observations of Filaments.- II.4.2. Constriction of a Discharge.- II.4.3. Pinch Effect. The Bennett Relation.- II.4.4. Filamentary Currents in Force-Free Magnetic Fields.- II.4.5. Theory of Magnetic Ropes.- II.4.6. Ion Pumps.- II.4.7. Flux Ropes in the Ionosphere of Venus.- II.5. Local Plasma Properties and the Circuit.- II.5.1. Boundary Conditions.- II.5.2. 'Invisible' Transfer of Energy.- II.5.3. 'Magnetic Merging' Theories.- II.6. Electric Double Layers.- II.6.1. General Properties of Double Layers.- II.6.2. Double Layers in the Magnetosphere.- II.6.3. Energy Release in Double Layers.- II.6.4. Exploding Double Layers.- II.6.5. A Circuit with a Double Layer.- II.7. Field-Aligned Currents as 'Cables'.- II.8. An Expanding Circuit.- II.9. Different Types of Plasma Regions.- II.9.1. 'Passive' Plasma Regions.- II.9.2. 'Active'Plasma Regions.- II.9.3. Plasma Cables.- II.9.4. Ionospheric Projection of Active and Passive Plasma Regions.- II.9.5. Boundary Current Sheets.- II.10. Cellular Structure of Space.- II.11. Fine Structure of Active Plasma Regions.- III / Circuits.- III.1. Importance of Electric Current Models.- III.1.1. Particle Description.- III.1.2. Different Types of Electric Currents.- III.1.3. Transfer of Energy Between a Circuit and a Moving Plasma.- III.2. The Auroral Circuits.- III.3. Rotating Magnetized Body Surrounded by a Plasma.- III.4. The Heliospheric Current System.- III.4.1. The 'Sector Structure' and the Equatorial Current Layer.- III.4.2. Construction of the Heliospheric Current Model.- III.4.3. Properties of the Heliospheric Circuit.- III.4.4. Extrapolation to Galactic Dimensions: Double Radio Sources.- III.5. Circuits of Magnetospheric Tail, Comets, and Venus.- III.5.1. Tail Circuit and Magnetic Substorms.- III.5.2. Current System in Comets.- III.5.3. Current System in the Magnetosphere of Venus.- III.6. Magnetospheric Circuit.- III.6.1. Zero Order Approximation: One-Particle Problem.- III.6.2. First Order Approximation: Plasma Flux Small.- III.6.3. The Three First-Approximation Circuits.- III.6.4. Phenomena Produced by First Approximation Currents.- III.6.5. Second Order Approximation. Realistic Plasma Flow.- III.6.6. Magnetic Field Changes.- III.6.7. Front (Shock Front) Circuit.- III.6.8. Magnetopause Circuit.- III.6.9. Solar Wind - Auroral Circuit.- III.6.10. The Tail Circuit.- III.6.11. Third Approximation and Comparison with Observation.- III.6.12. The Three-Ring Model.- III.7. Other Magnetospheres.- III.8. Solar Prominence Circuit and Solar Flares.- III.9. Solar Wind Acceleration.- III.10. Transfer of Energy from the Solar Core to the Aurora.- IV / Theory of Cosmic Plasmas.- IV.1. Classical Theory and Its Difficulties.- IV.1.1. The Reverse Deflection.- IV.2. Ionization.- IV.2.1. Ionization by Light, by Particle Radiation, and by Electric Currents.- IV.2.2. Transition Between a Plasma and a Neutral Gas.- IV.3. Cosmic Abundances and Differentiation.- IV.3.1. Cosmic Abundances.- IV.3.2. Observations of Chemical Differentiation.- IV.3.3. Separation Due to Different Ionization Potentials.- IV.3.4. Separation Due to Mass Differences.- IV.3.5. Separation Due to Different Vapor Pressures.- IV.4. Turbulence.- IV.5. Flux Amplification.- IV.5.1. Production of Cosmic Magnetic Fields.- IV.5.2. Self-Exciting Dynamos.- IV.5.3. Theories of Self-Exciting Dynamos.- IV.5.4. A Flux Amplification Mechanism.- IV.5.5. Production of Cosmic Magnetic Fields by the Kink Instability.- IV.6. Critical Velocity.- IV.6.1. Prediction of the Critical Velocity in the Early Solar System.- IV.6.2. Experimental Discovery.- IV.6.3. Theory.- IV.6.4. The Critical Velocity and Space Research.- IV.7. Dusty Plasma.- IV.7.1. Solid Particles as Part of a Plasma.- IV.7.2. Electromagnetically and Gravitationally Controlled Motion of Solid Particles.- IV.8. Formation and Evolution of Interstellar Clouds.- IV.8.1. Three Special Cases.- IV.8.2. Force-Free Magnetic Fields and the Production of Filaments.- IV.8.3. Do Magnetic Fields Aid or Counteract a Compression?.- IV.8.4. Pinch Compression of Dark Interstellar Clouds.- IV.9. Ambiplasma.- IV.9.1. Properties of an Ambiplasma.- IV.9.2. The Annihilation Reactions.- IV.9.3. Radiations from an Ambiplasma.- IV.9.4. Main Ambiplasma Problems.- IV.9.5. Separation of Matter and Antimatter.- IV.9.6. On the Co-Existence of Matter and Antimatter.- IV.10. High Energy Phenomena.- IV.10.1. Sources of Energy and Acceleration Processes.- IV.10.1.1. Varying Magnetic Fields.- IV.10.1.2. Acceleration in Double Layers.- IV.10.1.3. Annihilation.- IV.10.1.4. Gravitation.- IV.10.2. Magnetic Pumping.- IV.10.3. Regions of Cosmic Ray Acceleration.- IV.10.3.1. Heliospheric and Galactic Cosmic Radiation.- IV. 10.3.2. Origin of Galactic Cosmic Rays.- V / Origin of the Solar System.- V.1. How We Can Reconstruct Earlier Epochs.- V.2. Sources of Information.- V.3. Impact of Magnetospheric Results.- V.3.1. Active and Passive Plasma Regions.- V.3.2. Externally Driven Currents.- V.4. Electromagnetic Effects Aiding the Formation and Contraction of Clouds.- V.5. Chemical Differentation in the Primeval Cloud.- V.6. Intrinsically Produced Currents.- V.7. Band Structure and the Critical Velocity.- V.8. Solar System in Formation.- V.8.1. Interstellar Clouds.- V.8.2. Formation of Protostars.- V.8.3. Planet-Satellite Formation.- V.8.4. Observation of Solar Systems in Formation.- V.9. Hetegony and the 'Hetegonic Principle'.- VI / Cosmology.- VI.1. The State of Cosmology.- VI.1.1. Historical Survey.- VI.1.2. The Big Bang Hypothesis.- VI.1.3. Homogeneous and Inhomogeneous Models.- VI.1.3.1. Cellular Structure of Space.- VI. 1.3.2. Mass Distribution in the Universe.- VI.1.3.3. Mass of the Metagalaxy and the Schwarzschild Limit.- VI.1.4. The Hubble Expansion.- VI.1.4.1. The Hubble Parameter.- VI.1.4.2. Euclidean Model of the Evolution of the Metagalaxy.- VI.2. Coexistence of Matter and Antimatter.- VI.2.1. Matter-Antimatter Symmetry.- VI.2.2. Matter and Antimatter Cells.- VI.2.3. Size of Cells: Galactic or Smaller?.- VI.2.4. Structure of a Symmetric Galaxy.- VI.2.4.1. Solar System.- VI.2.4.2. Cometary Reservoir.- VI.2.5. Objections to the Existence of Antimatter.- VI. 3. Annihilation as a Source of Energy.- VI.3.1. Argument for the Existence of Antimatter.- VI.3.2. Similarity of Electromagnetic Radiation from the Two Kinds of Matter.- VI.3.3. Radiation from Annihilation Processes.- VI.3.4. Leidenfrost Layers and Annihilation at the Cell Walls.- VI.3.5. Annihilation in Cosmic Clouds.- VI.3.6. Bodies Falling into a Star of Opposite Kind of Matter.- VI.3.7. Model of an Ambistar.- VI.3.7.1. Ambistar Model I.- VI.3.7.2. Stellar Collisions.- VI.3.7.3. Ambistar Model II.- VI.3.7.4. Observable Properties of an Ambistar.- VI.3.7.5. Blueshifts.- VI.3.7.6. QSO Scenario.- VI.3.7.7. Continuous X-Ray Background Radiation.- VI.4. Hubble Expansion in a Euclidean Space.- VI.4.1. Non-Cosmological Redshifts of Some QSOs.- VI.4.2. Consequences of Non-Cosmological Interpretation of QSO Redshifts.- VI.5. A Model for the Evolution of the Metagalaxy.- VI.5.1. The Proto-Metagalaxy.- VI.5.2. The Kinetic Energy of the Hubble Expansion.- VI.5.3. Formation of the Proto-Metagalaxy.- VI.5.4. Other Cosmological Problems.- VI.6. Other Metagalaxies.- VI.7. Discussion.- VI.8. Conclusions.- References.