Continuities and Discontinuities in Development

1 Entering a New Era in the Search for Developmental Continuities.- New Views of Discontinuities and Continuities.- Changing Biological Models.- New Strategies for Longitudinal Study.- Plan of the Volume.- References.- I Current Research Perspectives Related to the Continuity of Early Experience.- 2 Continuity and Change in the Opening Years of Life.- Development as a Connected Sequence of Stages.- The Challenge to Connectivity.- Ontogenetic Adaptation.- The Attractiveness of Connectivity.- The Argument for Discontinuity.- The Preservation of Individual Differences: The Evidence.- The Preservation of Inhibition.- The Maturation of Cognitive Competences.- The Growth of Memory.- The Growth of Self-Awareness.- A Sense of Right and Wrong.- The Role of Inference.- Empathy.- The Adaptiveness of Standards.- Anxiety to Mastery Failure.- Motivation on Problem Tasks.- Self-descriptive Utterances.- Recognition of Self.- Summary.- References.- 3 Continuities and Discontinuities in Socioemotional Development: Empirical and Conceptual Perspectives.- Meanings of Continuity.- Methodological Issues.- Strength of Continuities in Behavior.- Reasons for Expecting Discontinuity.- Situationism.- Situational Effects.- Individual Differences.- Person-Situation Interactions.- Persistence of Environmental Effects.- Developmental Considerations.- Luck, or the Roulette Wheel View of Life's Chances.- Possible Mechanisms Underlying Continuities.- Continuities in the Environment.- Selection of Environments.- Opportunities.- Effects on the Environment.- Vulnerability, Resilience, and Coping Skills.- Habits, Attitudes, and Self-Concepts.- The Effects of Experience on Neural and Neuroendocrine Systems.- Imprinting and Other Similar Phenomena.- Effects on Personality Structure.- Overview on Continuities and Discontinuities.- References.- 4 Age-related Aspects of Experience Effects upon Brain Structure.- Plasticity in Brain Development.- Adult Brain Plasticity.- A Mechanism of Plasticity: Selective Preservation of Synapses.- The Primate Geniculostriate Visual System.- Development of the Geniculostriate System.- Effects of Experience Manipulation during Development.- Developmental Patterns in Other Neuronal Systems.- Selective Preservation as a Continuing Process in Brain Function.- References.- II Studies of Discontinuities and Developmental Transitions.- 5 Detecting Developmental Discontinuities: Methods and Measurement.- Two Methods for Detecting Discontinuities.- Scalogram Analysis.- Method of Multiple Tasks.- Second-Order Discontinuities.- Correlation Method: Relations among Domains.- Concordance Method: Relations among Conditions.- Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 6 Developmental Continuities and Discontinuities in a Form of Familial Dyslexia.- Two Kinds of Continuity in Genetic Family Studies.- Genetic Methods and Results (Level I): The Use of Linkage.- Analysis.- Cognitive Methods and Results (Level III).- Cross-Generational Continuity.- Lateral Continuity.- Discussion.- Methods and Results Pertaining to the Surface Phenotype (Level IV).- Cross-Generational Continuity.- Lateral Continuity.- The Neurological Basis of Developmental Dyslexia (Level II).- Overall Discussion.- References.- 7 The Study of Transitions: Conceptual and Methodological Issues.- The Concept of Transitions.- Transitional Event.- Transitional Period.- Transitional Mechanism.- The Concept of Change.- Level Change.- Structural Change.- Centrality Change.- Types of Transitions.- Developmental Transitions.- Endogenous and Exogenous Transitional Events.- Typologies of Life Events.- Methodological Considerations.- Design Strategies.- Data Analytic Strategies.- Methodology and Theory.- Two Examples of the Study of Transitions.- Conclusion.- References.- 8 Self-produced locomotion: an organizer of emotional, Cognitive, and social development in infancy.- Self-produced Locomotion in Theoretical Perspective.- Development of Spatial Sensorimotor Performance: Fear of.- Heights.- Visual Cliff Research.- Spatial Orientation Research.- Delayed Locomotion: A Case Study.- Interpretation.- Social Communication.- Concept Formation.- Concluding Remarks on Empirical Studies.- Self-produced Locomotion as a Mediator of Development...- Implications for the Development of the Self.- Epilogue.- References.- 9 Effects of Hospitalization On Early Child Development.- The Literature on Childhood Hospitalization.- Psychological Effects of Hospitalization on Young, Seriously 111,.- Asthmatic Children.- Variables Affecting Response to Hospitalization.- Variables Illustrated with Empirical Results from the Study of.- Asthmatic Children.- Additional Variables Reported in the Literature.- Discussion.- Conclusions.- References.- III Studies of Continuities.- 10 The Development of Representation from 10 to 28 Months: Differential Stability of Language and Symbolic Play.- Types of Stability.- The Concurrent Development of Language and Symbolic Play...- Method.- Longitudinal Stabilities in Language Development.- Longitudinal Stabilities in the Development of Symbolic Play.- Conjoint Stability of Language and Symbolic Play: Intercorrelations between Two Homotypic Progressions.- General Implications.- References.- 11 Developmental Transformations in Mastery Motivation: Measurement and Validation.- Measuring Mastery Motivation.- Methodological Issues.- Development of the Mastery Tasks.- Reliability of the Measures of Mastery Motivation.- Validity of the Measures of Mastery Motivation.- Continuity and Change in Mastery Motivation.- A Transformation in the Second Half of the First Year of Life.- Continuity and Change during Early Childhood.- The Interrelationship of Mastery Motivation and Cognitive Development: Problems and Possible Solutions.- Summary.- References.- 12 The Development of Cerebral Specialization In Infants: Electrophysiological and Behavioral Studies.- Cerebral Specialization in Adults.- Clinical, Anatomical, and Behavioral Studies.- Electrophysiological Studies.- Cerebral Specialization and Development.- Dichotic Listening Studies.- Hand Preference Studies.- Infant Electrophysiological Studies: EEG and AEP Discrete.- Stimulus Paradigms.- Infant Electrophysiological Studies: AEP Probe Paradigm...- Conclusion.- References.- 13 Continuity and change in socioemotional development during the second year.- The Organization of This Research.- Method and Measures.- Results and Discussion.- Stability and Change in the Security of Attachment.- Stability of Attachment and Socioemotional Continuity during the Second Year.- Summary and Conclusion.- References.- 14 Continuities and Change in Early Emotional Life: Maternal Perceptions of Surprise, Fear, and Anger.- Data from Our Laboratory.- Replicability of Early Onset and Age Course for Discrete.- Emotions.- The Basis for Maternal Reports.- Surprise.- Fear.- Anger.- Other Emotions with Early Onset: Interest, Enjoyment, and.- Distress.- Discussion.- References.- 15 Early Experience Effects: Evidence for Continuity?.- Linda S. Crnic.- Continuity and Discontinuity: Issues in Developmental.- Psychobiology.- Early Experience Research.- Definitions.- Reasons for Slow Progress.- Contribution to Continuity-Discontinuity Issues.- An Example of Early Experience Research: Malnutrition Effects on.- Food Motivation.- Prior Findings.- Explanations for Altered Behavior.- New Findings.- Conclusions.- References.- 15 Early Experience Effects: Evidence for Continuity?.- Continuity and Discontinuity: Issues in Developmental Psychobiology.- Early Experience Research.- Definitions.- Reasons for Slow Progress.- Contribution to Continuity-Discontinuity Issues.- An Example of Early Experience Research: Malnutrition Effects on Food Motivation.- Prior Findings.- Explanations for Altered Behavior.- New Findings.- Conclusions.- References.- IV Cross-Disciplinary Strategies in Searching for Continuities.- 16 Mathematical-statistical model building in analysis of Developmental data.- Steps for Doing a MASMOB Study.- The ISEER Steps.- Summary of Rationale.- Summary of Symbolism.- A Substantive Example.- Simplex Examples.- Multivariable Simplex Models.- Structural Models Seen through Development.- Reliability as a Latent Structure Model.- Overlapping Process Models.- Changing Functions and Changing Subjects.- Simultaneous Analysis of Means and Structure.- A Summarizing Example.- Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 17 Continuity of Personality: A Genetic Perspective.- The Quantitative Genetic Approach.- The Developmental Genetic Approach.- References.