Clinical Data Analysis on a Pocket Calculator

Preface I Continuous Outcome Data 1 Data Spread, Standard Deviations 2 Data Summaries: Histograms, Wide and Narrow Gaussian Curves 3 Null-Hypothesis Testing with Graphs 4 Null-Hypothesis Testing with the T-table 5 One-Sample Continuous Data (One-Sample T-Test, One-Sample Wilcoxon 6 Paired Continuous Data (Paired T-Test, Two-Sample Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test) 7 Unpaired Continuous Data (Unpaired T-Test, Mann-Whitney) 8 Linear Regression (Regression Coefficients, Correlation Coefficients, and their Standard Errors) 9 Kendall-Tau Regression for Ordinal Data 10 Paired Continuous Data, Analysis with Help of Correlation Coefficients 11 Power Equations 12 Sample Size Calculations 13 Confidence Intervals 14 Equivalence Testing instead of Null-Hypothesis Testing 15 Noninferiority Testing instead of Null-Hypothesis Testing 16 Superiority Testing instead of Null-Hypothesis Testing 17 Missing Data Imputation 18 Bonferroni Adjustments 19 Unpaired Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) 20 Paired Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) 21 Variability Analysis for One or Two Samples 22 Variability Analysis for Three or More Samples 23 Confounding 24 Propensity Score and Propensity Score Matching for Multiple Confounders 25 Interaction 26 Accuracy and Reliability Assessments 27 Robust Tests for Imperfect Data 28 Non-linear Modeling on a Pocket Calculator 29 Fuzzy Modeling for Imprecise and Incomplete Data 30 Bhattacharya Modeling for Unmasking Hidden Gaussian Curves 31 Item Response Modeling instead of Classical Linear Analysis of Questionnaires 32 Meta-Analysis 1 33 Goodness of Fit Tests for Identifying Nonnormal Data 34 Non-Parametric Tests for Three or More Samples (Friedman and Kruskal-Wallis) II Binary Outcome Data 35 Data Spread: Standard Deviation, One Sample Z- Test, One Sample Binomial Test 36 Z-Tests 37 Phi Tests for Nominal Data 38 Chi-Square Tests 39 Fisher Exact Tests Convenient for Small Samples 40 Confounding 41 Interaction 42 Chi-square Tests for Large Cross-Tabs 43 Logarithmic Transformations, a Great Help to Statistical Analyses 44 Odds Ratios, a Short-Cut for Analyzing Cross-Tabs 45 Logodds, the Basis of Logistic Regression 46 Log Likelihood Ratio Tests for the Best Precision 47 Hierarchical Loglinear Models for Higher Order Cross-Tabs 48 McNemar Tests for Paired Cross-Tabs 49 McNemar Odds Ratios 50 Power Equations 51 Sample Size Calculations 52 Accuracy Assessments 53 Reliability Assessments 54 Unmasking Fudged Data 55 Markov Modeling for Predictions outside the Range of Observations 56 Binary Partitioning with CART (Classification and Regression Tree) Methods 57 Meta-Analysis 58 Physicians' Daily Life and the Scientific Method 59 Incident Analysis and the Scientific Method 60 Cochran Tests for Large Paired Cross-Tabs Index