| Acknowledgements | p. xi |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Patterns of Classification | p. 10 |
| The scala naturae | p. 11 |
| The Linnean hierarchy and the Tree of Porphyry | p. 16 |
| Quinarian circles and family trees | p. 23 |
| Grades, phenograms, and cladograms | p. 30 |
| Conclusions | p. 38 |
| Patterns of Phylogeny | p. 41 |
| The scala naturae as phylogeny | p. 42 |
| Family trees | p. 45 |
| Stufenreihen and cladograms | p. 52 |
| Reticulate phylogeny | p. 58 |
| Conclusions | p. 59 |
| Homology and the Evidence for Evolution | p. 62 |
| Homology | p. 63 |
| The classification of homology | p. 69 |
| Vestigial organs | p. 79 |
| Ontogeny and molecular biology | p. 82 |
| Geological and Geographical Evidence | p. 85 |
| The fossil record | p. 85 |
| Fossils and transmutation | p. 91 |
| Biogeography | p. 97 |
| Conclusions | p. 106 |
| Methods of Classification: The Development of Taxonomy | p. 109 |
| The method of logical division | p. 109 |
| Linnean taxonomy | p. 114 |
| Post-Linnean taxonomy | p. 117 |
| "Evolutionary classification" | p. 121 |
| Conclusions: The historical basis of taxonomy | p. 130 |
| Methods of Classification: Phenetics and Cladistics | p. 132 |
| Phenetics | p. 132 |
| Phenetic clustering | p. 144 |
| Cladistics | p. 151 |
| Cladistics and fossils | p. 158 |
| Methods of Classification: the Current Debate | p. 169 |
| "The transformation of cladistics" | p. 170 |
| Out-groups or ontogeny | p. 181 |
| Parsimony | p. 188 |
| Classification and the Reconstruction of Phylogeny | p. 195 |
| The reconstruction of phylogeny | p. 196 |
| Molecular distance | p. 204 |
| Sequence data | p. 212 |
| Is Systematics Independent? | p. 225 |
| Distances, parsimony, compatibility, or likelihood? | p. 226 |
| The hierarchy | p. 237 |
| Cladograms, trees, and scenarios | p. 244 |
| Mechanisms of Evolution: Darwinism and Its Rivals | p. 248 |
| Lamarck and "Lamarckism" | p. 250 |
| Natural Selection: Darwin and Wallace | p. 254 |
| Post-Origin theories | p. 262 |
| Mechanisms of Evolution: the Synthetic Theory | p. 268 |
| "The Modern Synthesis" | p. 270 |
| Criticisms of the Synthetic Theory | p. 273 |
| Developmental constraints and selection | p. 279 |
| Macroevolution | p. 284 |
| Conclusions: The Theory of Natural Selection | p. 294 |
| Scientific Knowledge | p. 298 |
| The problem of induction | p. 300 |
| The hypothetico-deductive method | p. 304 |
| "Popper and after" | p. 308 |
| Normative, descriptive, sociological, or cognitive? | p. 317 |
| Philosophy and Biology | p. 323 |
| Biological generalisations | p. 326 |
| The taxomatic statement | p. 330 |
| What is being classified? | p. 333 |
| The hierarchy again | p. 341 |
| Propositions in biology | p. 345 |
| Postscript | p. 347 |
| References | p. 349 |
| Author index | p. 387 |
| Subject index | p. 395 |
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