| Acknowledgments | p. vii |
| Abbreviations and Acronyms, Cities and Countries | p. ix |
| Executive Summary | p. xi |
| Context for the Review | p. 1 |
| Urban Transport and City Development | p. 5 |
| Urban Transport and City Efficiency | p. 5 |
| Sources of Declining Urban Transport Performance | p. 8 |
| Urban Transport in City Development Strategies | p. 11 |
| Development Strategies for Making Urban Transport More Efficient | p. 12 |
| Coordinating Sector Policies in City Development Strategies | p. 21 |
| Conclusions: A Strategy for Urban Transport in City Development | p. 22 |
| Notes | p. 23 |
| Urban Transport and Poverty Reduction | p. 25 |
| Urban Poverty and Social Exclusion | p. 25 |
| Transport Patterns of the Urban Poor | p. 25 |
| Pro-Poor Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction | p. 28 |
| Focusing Infrastructure Policies | p. 29 |
| Public Transport Service Planning for the Urban Poor | p. 32 |
| Fare Policies, Subsidies, and Budget Constraints | p. 34 |
| Conclusions: A Strategy for Poverty-Focused Urban Transport | p. 36 |
| Notes | p. 37 |
| Transport and the Urban Environment | p. 39 |
| The Scale of the Issue | p. 39 |
| Global Warming | p. 40 |
| Noise and Other Disturbances | p. 42 |
| Urban Air Pollution | p. 42 |
| Conclusions: A Strategy for Urban Transport and Environment | p. 60 |
| Notes | p. 61 |
| Urban Transport Safety and Security | p. 65 |
| The Scale of the Issue | p. 65 |
| Safety | p. 66 |
| Security | p. 72 |
| Conclusions: A Strategy for Urban Transport Safety and Security | p. 75 |
| Notes | p. 76 |
| The Urban Road System | p. 77 |
| Elements of Road Strategy | p. 77 |
| Road Maintenance | p. 77 |
| Traffic Management | p. 79 |
| Demand Management | p. 83 |
| Infrastructure Provision | p. 84 |
| Poverty Focus | p. 88 |
| Conclusions: A Strategy for Roads | p. 90 |
| Notes | p. 91 |
| Public Road Passenger Transport | p. 93 |
| The Urban Bus Sector | p. 93 |
| Conclusions: Toward a Strategy for Public Transport | p. 106 |
| Notes | p. 107 |
| Mass Rapid Transit | p. 109 |
| The Scale of the Issue | p. 109 |
| Objectives and Role of Mass Rapid Transit within the City Development Strategy | p. 110 |
| Relationship to Urban Structure and Land Use | p. 111 |
| Mass Rapid Transit and the Urban Environment | p. 111 |
| Choice of Mass Rapid Transit Technology | p. 112 |
| Ownership and Financing | p. 117 |
| Public Transport Integration | p. 121 |
| Pricing | p. 121 |
| Conclusions: Toward a Strategy for Mass Rapid Transit | p. 122 |
| Notes | p. 123 |
| The Role of Nonmotorized Transport | p. 125 |
| The Importance of Nonmotorized Transport | p. 125 |
| Walking Is Transport | p. 126 |
| Walking on Wheels | p. 126 |
| The Policy Package | p. 128 |
| Municipal Institutions and Organization | p. 132 |
| Conclusions: A Strategy for Nonmotorized Transport | p. 134 |
| Notes | p. 134 |
| Urban Transport Pricing and Finance | p. 135 |
| The Role of Prices in Urban Transport | p. 135 |
| Charging for the Use of Infrastructure | p. 135 |
| Public Transport Pricing and Finance | p. 141 |
| Urban Transport Financing | p. 146 |
| Conclusions: A Strategy for Urban Transport Pricing and Financing | p. 150 |
| Notes | p. 151 |
| Strengthening Urban Transport Institutions | p. 153 |
| The Importance of Institutions | p. 153 |
| Major Institutional Weaknesses | p. 154 |
| Organizational Options | p. 156 |
| Capacity Building | p. 165 |
| Conclusions: A Strategy for Institutional Reform in Urban Transport | p. 167 |
| Notes | p. 168 |
| Meeting the Development Challenges: How Can the Bank Contribute? | p. 169 |
| Development Challenges | p. 169 |
| Strengthening the Focus on Poverty | p. 170 |
| Facilitating Decentralization | p. 171 |
| Mobilizing Private Participation | p. 173 |
| Increasing Transport Safety and Security | p. 175 |
| Protecting the Environment | p. 176 |
| Conclusions | p. 179 |
| Notes | p. 182 |
| Urban Transport Portfolio in the World Bank | p. 183 |
| Urban Transport Projects under Preparation and Implementation as of February 26, 2002 | p. 183 |
| Special Project Features | p. 187 |
| Urban Portfolio: Project Cost and World Bank Group Loan and Grant Amount Allocation | p. 190 |
| Bibliography | p. 193 |
| Index | p. 201 |
| Tables | |
| A Categorization of City Circumstances | p. 7 |
| Estimates of External Costs of Road Transport | p. 9 |
| Poverty-Focused Urban Transport Interventions: Road Infrastructure | p. 30 |
| Income of Users of Rail Systems in Brazil | p. 31 |
| Poverty Impacts of Interventions: Rail Infrastructure and Management | p. 32 |
| Average Income of Users by Transport Mode | p. 33 |
| A Poverty-Focused Agenda: Public Transport Service Planning | p. 35 |
| Poverty-Focused Urban Transport Interventions: Finance Strategies | p. 37 |
| Functions and Responsibilities of a Typical Traffic Management Agency | p. 82 |
| Typical Functional Classification of Road and Path Networks | p. 86 |
| Efficiency of Bus Operations in Delhi, 1995 | p. 94 |
| A Classification of Informal (Noncorporate) Urban Transport Operations | p. 102 |
| Performance and Cost of Some Typical Mass Rapid Transit Systems | p. 113 |
| Variation of Cost in Recent Metro Contracts | p. 117 |
| Financial Performance of Some Metro Systems | p. 118 |
| Allocation of Strategic Functions | p. 154 |
| Professional Organization for Municipal Transport Functions | p. 158 |
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