Chemistry of Molecules of Life

1. Carbohydrates

· Stereoisomerism in Carbohydrates

· Monosaccharides

· Mutarotation

· Epimers

· Reactions of Monosaccharides

· Synthesis and Degradation of Monosaccharides

· Glucose

· Fischerâs Proof of the Configuration of D-(+)-Glucose

· Fructose

· Disaccharides
2. Nucleic Acids

· Structure Determination of Nucleic Acids

· Synthesis of Adenine

· Guanine

· Properties of Purine and Its Derivatives

· Pyrimidine Bases

· Properties of Pyrimidine and Its Derivatives

· Nucleosides

· Nucleotides

· Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

· Polynucleotides or Nucleic Acid

· Structure of DNA

· Postulates of Watson and Crick Model of DNA

· Base Pairing in DNA

· Different Conformations of DNA

· Replication

· Structure of RNA

· Transcription

· Translation
3. Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins

· Amino Acids

· Types of Amino Acids

· Classification of Amino Acids

· Structure of Amino Acids

· Optical Activity of Amino Acids

· Synthesis of Amino Acids

· Daraspsky Synthesis

· Physical Properties of Amino Acids

· Electrophoresis

· Separation of Amino Acids by Paper Electrophoresis

· Separation of Amino Acids by Paper Chromatography

· Isoelectric Point

· Chemical Properties of Amino Acids

· Peptides

· N-terminal Residue and C-terminal Residue

· Naming of Peptide

· Structure Determination of Peptide or Proteins

· Complete Hydrolysis of Protein or Peptide

· End Group of Analysis of Peptide or Protein

· N-terminal Analysis

· C-terminal Analysis

· Partial Hydrolysis of Peptide

· Other Methods for Selective Cleavage

· Synthesis of Peptide

· C-protecting Groups

· Protection of Side Chain

· Activation of Carboxylic Group

· Activated Ester Method

· Azide Method

· Anhydride Methods

· DCC Method

· Merrifield Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis

· Proteins

· Average Molecular Weight of Protein

· Classification of Proteins

· Denaturation of Proteins

· Structure of Proteins

· Test of Proteins
4. Enzymes and Correlation with Drug Action

· Definition

· Chemical Nature

· Properties of The Enzymes

· Classification of The Enzymes

· Mode of Enzyme Action

· Michaelis-Menton

· Chymotrypsin Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Peptide Bond

· Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity

· Enzymes Specificity

· Inhibition of Enzymes

· Coenzyme and Cofactor

· Drugâ"Receptor Interactions

· Interactions (Forces) Involved in The Drug-Receptor (DR) Complex

· The Theories for Drug-Receptor (DR) Interactions

· The Structure-Activity Relationships (SAR)
5. Lipids

· Classification of Lipids

· Fatty Acids

· Nomenclature of Fatty Acids

· Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids

· Essential Fatty Acids

· Physical Properties of Fatty Acids

· Triacylglycerols

· Chemical Reactions pf Triacylglycerols

· Hydrogenation

· Rancidification

· Oxidation

· Reichert-Meissl Number

· Waxes

· Hospholipids

· Sphingoglycolipids

· Cholesterol

· Cell Membrane (Lipid Bilayer)

· Steroid Hormones

· Lipoprotein

· Liposomes
6. Oxidation of Foodstuff (Organic Molecules) as a source of Energy for Cell

· Metabolism

· ATP: Universal Currency of Cellular Energy

· ATP Hydrolysis and Free Energy

· Conversion of Food Into Energy

· Metabolic Pathway of Carbohydrates

· Glycolysis

· Fermentation

· Krebs Cycle or Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA)

· Interrelationship Between Various Metabolic

· Pathways of Proteins, Fats and Carbohydrates

· Calorific Value of The Food

Index