Chemistry of Marine Water and Sediments : Environmental Science - Antonio Gianguzza

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Chemistry of Marine Water and Sediments

By: Antonio Gianguzza (Editor), Ezio Pelizzetti (Editor), Silvio Sammartano (Editor)

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Hardcover | 28 May 2002

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532 Pages

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23.5 x 15.88 x 3.81

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This book is a collection of all the lectures by the professors attending the 3rd "Interna tional School on Marine Chemistry" held in Ustica (Palermo, Italy, September 2000), under the auspices of the United Nations and the Italian Chemical Society. The School was organized by the University of Palermo in co-operation with the Natural Marine Reserve of Ustica Island. The Organising Committee of the School wishes to thank the University of Messina, the University of Roma "La Sapienza:' the Italian University Consortium of Environ mental Chemistry, and the Marine Reserve of Ustica Island for their financial support to the School. This book has been printed with the financial support of the Environmental Re search Centre CIRITA of the University of Palermo. thank all the professors whose outstanding scientific contributions have The editors made it possible to publish this book. Professor Antonio Gianguzza Professor Ezio Pelizzetti Professor Silvio Sammartano Contents Part I Biogeochemical Processes at the Air-Water and Water-Sediment Interface .............................................. .

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Published: 18th February 2013

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Biogeochemical Processes at the Air-Water and Water-Sediment Interface	p. 1
Sea Water as an Electrolyte	p. 3
Introduction	p. 3
Composition of Average Sea Water	p. 3
The Concept of Salinity	p. 6
Causes of Major Components Not Being Conservative	p. 8
Physical Properties of Natural Waters	p. 12
Modelling the Physical Properties of Natural Waters	p. 18
Estimating the Properties of Mixed Electrolytes	p. 23
Estimating Transport Properties	p. 29
Acknowledgements	p. 32
References	p. 32
The Chemical and Physical Properties of Marine Aerosols: An Introduction	p. 35
Introduction	p. 35
Physical Characteristics of Aerosols	p. 37
The Role of Clouds in the Aerosol Cycle	p. 39
The Global Distribution of Aerosols Over the Oceans	p. 41
Aerosol Composition	p. 45
Temporal Variability of Marine Aerosols	p. 47
Sea Salt Aerosols	p. 49
Sea Salt Production and Size Distribution	p. 49
The Contribution of Sea Salt to Submicrometre Aerosol	p. 50
Sea Salt Aerosol and New Particle Production	p. 51
The Oceanic Atmospheric Sulphur Cycle	p. 51
Global Sulphur Budgets	p. 52
SO₂ and nss-<$>{\rm SO}_4^{2-}<$>	p. 52
DMS and the Atmospheric Sulphur Cycle	p. 54
MSA and nss-<$>{\rm SO}_4^{2-}<$>	p. 55
New-Particle Production from DMS over the Ocean	p. 55
Impact on Climat	p. 58
The Oceanic Atmospheric Cycle of Nitrates and Ammonium	p. 58
Global Budgets of NO_y and NH_x	p. 59
Concentrations of Nitrate and Ammonium in the Marine Atmosphere	p. 61
Nitrate and Ammonium Aerosol Propertie	p. 61
Organic Nitrogen Aerosol	p. 62
Trends in Nitrate and Ammonium in Pollution Aerosol	p. 62
Atmospheric Deposition and the Nitrogen-Nutrient Budget in the Ocean	p. 63
Mineral Dust in the Marine Atmosphere	p. 64
Global Distribution of Dust	p. 64
Sources of Dust	p. 65
Elemental Composition	p. 67
Mineralogical Composition	p. 70
Deposition of Dust to the Oceans	p. 70
Impact of Dust on Marine Biogeochemistry Cycles	p. 72
The Impact of African Deposition on the Nutrient Cycle	p. 72
Other Aerosol Species and the Impact of Continental Source	p. 74
Conclusions	p. 76
References	p. 77
Photochemical Processes in the Euphotic Zone of Sea Water: Progress and Problems	p. 83
Introduction	p. 83
General Framework	p. 84
Solar Flux	p. 84
Light Attenuation	p. 84
Factors Influencing Photoreactions	p. 86
Main Photoprocesses Occurring in Water and Air	p. 87
Direct Photolysis	p. 87
Indirect Photoreactions	p. 88
Role of Iron and Chlorine	p. 95
Inorganic Cl Formation in the Marine Environment	p. 95
Role of Iron in Surface Waters	p. 96
Interactions Between Iron and Chloride	p. 99
References	p. 102
Sedimentary Organic Matter Preservation and Atmospheric O₂ Regulation	p. 105
Introduction	p. 105
Global Cycles of Carbon and Oxygen	p. 106
Organic Matter Preservation and Sediment Texture	p. 108
Oxygen Effects on Sedimentary Preservation	p. 110
Maintaining Atmospheric O₂ within Safe Bounds	p. 114
The Mineral Conveyer Belt and Sedimentary Afterburner	p. 119
Acknowledgements	p. 121
References	p. 121
Particulate Organic Matter Composition and Fluxes in the Sea	p. 125
Introduction	p. 125
Relation of Carbon Flux with Primary Production	p. 126
Spatial Relation	p. 126
Temporal Relation	p. 127
Relation of Carbon Flux with Depth	p. 130
Compositional Changes During Degradation	p. 135
Initial Composition	p. 135
Diagenetic Indicators	p. 136
Heterotrophic Alteration	p. 139
Uncharacterized Material	p. 141
Acknowledgements	p. 143
References	p. 143
Diagenesis of Organic Matter at the Water-Sediment Interface	p. 147
Introduction	p. 147
Controls on Organic Matter Diagenesis	p. 148
Compositional Changes Resulting from Organic Matter Diagenesis	p. 152
Elemental Compositions	p. 153
Biomarkers	p. 156
Overview	p. 161
Acknowledgements	p. 162
References	p. 162
Sedimentary Geochemistry of the Carbonate and Sulphide Systems and their Potential Influence on Toxic Metal Bioavailability	p. 165
Introduction	p. 165
Basic Chemical Considerations	p. 166
The Carbonic Acid and Hydrogen Sulphide Systems	p. 166
Redox Reactions	p. 168
Carbonate and Sulphide Minerals	p. 171
Isotopes	p. 176
Sedimentary Geochemistry of Carbonate and Sulphide Systems	p. 178
""""Normal"""" Marine Sediments	p. 178
Carbonate-Rich Sediments	p. 182
Interactions of Toxic Metals with Sulphides in Anoxic Sediments	p. 184
General Considerations	p. 184
""""Pyritization"""" of Trace Metals	p. 185
Acknowledgements	p. 187
References	p. 187
Chemical Equilibria and Speciation in Sea Water	p. 191
Speciation of Metals in Natural Water	p. 193
Introduction	p. 193
Effect of Inorganic Speciation on the Solubility of Metals	p. 196
Estimation of the Activity Coefficients of Ions in Natural Waters	p. 199
The MIAMI Ionic Interaction Model	p. 202
Reliability of the Model	p. 203
Speciation of Metals	p. 207
Formation of Metal Organic Complexes	p. 211
Future of the Model	p. 217
Acknowledgements	p. 217
References	p. 217
Binding Ability of Inorganic Major Components of Sea Water toward some Classes of Ligands, Metal and Organometallic Cations	p. 221
Introduction	p. 221
Artificial Sea Water	p. 221
The Major Components of Sea Water as a Single Sea Salt: The """"Single Salt Approximation""""	p. 222
Interactions of Acid-Base Systems with the Components of Artificial Sea Water	p. 225
Organic Ligands	p. 226
Inorganic Ligands	p. 241
Metals and Organometallic Compounds	p. 243
Discussion and Conclusions	p. 248
References	p. 250
Appendix	p. 253
Abbreviations and Formula	p. 253
Tables	p. 255
Equilibrium Analysis, the Ionic Medium Method and Activity Factors	p. 263
Introduction	p. 263
Equilibrium Analysis	p. 263
Activity Factors in Multi-Component Electrolyte Systems	p. 266
The Pitzer and the Brensted-Guggenheim-Scatchard Ion Interaction Models	p. 267
Comparison of the SIT and Pitzer Models	p. 270
Determination of Interaction Parameters	p. 277
References	p. 282
Acid-Base Equilibria in Saline Media: Application of the Mean Spherical Approximation	p. 283
Introduction	p. 283
Acid-Base Equilibria in Saline Media	p. 283
pK* vs. Ionic Strength Equations	p. 285
The Mean Spherical Approximation: Estimation of Q(g) Term by Use of the MSA Model	p. 286
Comparison with the Pitzer Model	p. 288
Neutral Molecules	p. 288
Data We Need for Working with the Mean Spherical Approximation	p. 289
An Example: Fitting pK* vs. I Plot by Use of MSA for an Isocoulombic Equilibrium	p. 290
Acknowledgements	p. 293
References	p. 293
Modelling of Natural Fluids: Are the Available Databases Adequate for this Purpose?	p. 295
Introduction	p. 295
Equilibrium Analysis Applied to the Modelling of Natural Systems	p. 296
The Thermodynamic Database (TDB) Example	p. 297
1st Example: Uranium-Carbonate System	p. 300
2nd Example: Lanthanides Hydrolysis	p. 301
References	p. 304
Toxicants in Marine Environment	p. 307
Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Marine Environment	p. 309
Introduction	p. 309
Definition of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals	p. 310
The Effects of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Invertebrates	p. 310
General Effects Excluding Imposex	p. 310
Imposex	p. 310
The Effects of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in Vertebrates	p. 313
Fish	p. 313
Reptiles and Amphibians	p. 315
Birds	p. 316
Mammals	p. 317
Humans	p. 319
References	p. 319
Chemistry of Organic Toxicants in Marine Environment	p. 325
References	p. 335
Toxic Effects of Organometallic Compounds towards Marine Biota	p. 337
Organometallic Derivatives	p. 337
Organoarsenic	p. 337
Organoarsenic Derivatives	p. 337
Biotransformation of Arsenic	p. 337
Organoarsenic in Marine Biota	p. 338
Organotin	p. 352
Organotin Derivatives	p. 352
Organotin in the Marine Biota	p. 353
Acknowledgements	p. 379
References	p. 379
Analytical and Bioanalytical Methodologies for Sea Water	p. 383
Flow Injection Techniques for the in situ Monitoring of Marine Processes	p. 385
Introduction	p. 385
Flow Injection Techniques	p. 385
Chemiluminescence Detection	p. 387
Spectrophotometric Detection	p. 388
FI-CL Determination of Iron in Sea Water	p. 388
Marine Chemistry of Iron	p. 388
FI-CL Manifold for Iron	p. 390
Environmental Data	p. 391
FI-CL Determination of Copper in Sea Water	p. 391
Marine Chemistry of Copper	p. 391
FI-CL Manifold for Copper	p. 392
Environmental Data	p. 394
FI-CL Determination of Cobalt in Sea Water	p. 394
Marine Chemistry of Cobalt	p. 394
FI-CL Manifold for Cobalt	p. 395
Environmental Data	p. 396
FI-SPEC Determination of Nitrate in Sea Water	p. 398
Marine Chemistry of Nitrate	p. 398
Submersible FI Monitor	p. 398
Environmental Data	p. 399
Conclusions	p. 400
Acknowledgements	p. 401
References	p. 401
Luminescence for the Analysis of Organic Compounds in Natural Waters	p. 403
Introduction	p. 403
Immunoassays in Environmental Analysis	p. 403
Luminescent Immunoassays	p. 404
Applications	p. 404
Luminescent Recombinant Cell-Based Biosensors in Environmental Analysis	p. 408
Applications	p. 409
Conclusions and Future Perspectives	p. 412
References	p. 412
Affinity Electrochemical Biosensors for Pollution Control	p. 415
Introduction	p. 415
Procedures	p. 415
Electrochemical Measurements	p. 415
DNA Sensor for Binding Compounds with an Affinity for DNA	p. 416
Analysis of River Water Sample	p. 417
Results	p. 417
DNA Sensor for Binding Compounds with an Affinity for DNA	p. 417
Conclusions	p. 419
References	p. 422
Palaeoenvironmental Reconstructions Using Stable Carbon Isotopes and Organic Biomarkers	p. 423
Introduction	p. 423
Stable Carbon Isotopes to Identify Organic Matter Sources	p. 423
Depositional Environment - Anoxygenic Photosynthesis	p. 429
Alkenone Palaeothermometer	p. 433
Alkenone Palaeobarometer	p. 437
Acknowledgements	p. 441
References	p. 441
Studies of Water Masses Mixing in the Ross Sea (Antarctica) Using Chemical Tracers	p. 445
Introduction	p. 445
Chemical Tracers in Oceanography	p. 446
""""NO"""" and """"PO"""" as Chemical Tracers	p. 447
The Use of NO and PO as Chemical Tracers in Studying the Mixing of Water Masses in the Ross Sea Shelf Area: A Field Study	p. 448
Sampling Area and Sea Water Sample Analysis	p. 448
Distribution of NO and PO in Different Water Masses	p. 449
Acknowledgements	p. 454
References	p. 454
Solid Speciation and Selective Extraction Procedures: Trace Metal Distribution and Speciation in Coastal Sediments of the Adriatic Sea	p. 455
Introduction	p. 455
Role of Marine Sediments in the Environment	p. 455
Selective Extractions	p. 456
Commonly Used Extraction Procedures	p. 456
Case Studies	p. 457
PRISMA 2 Project	p. 457
Interreg Project	p. 461
Conclusions	p. 464
Acknowledgements	p. 466
References	p. 467
Organic Matter Sources and Dynamics in Northern Adriatic Coastal Water	p. 469
Introduction	p. 469
Analytical Methodologies	p. 471
Role of Organic Matter Dynamics in NA Environmental Problems	p. 474
Organic Matter Discharged by the Po River	p. 478
Interannual Variability of DOC Concentrations in NA Coastal Waters	p. 478
Composition of DOC	p. 480
Acknowledgements	p. 482
References	p. 482
Index	p. 485
Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved.

Chemistry of Marine Water and Sediments

At a Glance

Hardcover

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How to return your order

Defective items

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Other Editions and Formats

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