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Branching in Nature : Dynamics and Morphogenesis of Branching Structures, from Cell to River Networks : Dynamics and Morphogenesis of Branching Structures, from Cell to River Networks - V. Fleury

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Branching in Nature : Dynamics and Morphogenesis of Branching Structures, from Cell to River Networks

Dynamics and Morphogenesis of Branching Structures, from Cell to River Networks

By: V. Fleury, J. F. Gouyet

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Paperback | 1 January 2001

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504 Pages

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23.5 x 15.88 x 3.18

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Branching is probably the most common mode of growth in Nature. From plants to river networks, from lung and kidney to snow-flakes or lightning sparks, branches grow and blossom everywhere, in every realm of Nature. When Galileo Galilei stated that the geometry ofNature was written in terms ofplanes, cones and spheres, he missed one essential pattern of Nature: the tree. However, the tree has been recognized as a "scientific" objet very early, ever since the classical times. Pliny, Strabo or Theophrastus were weIl aware ofthe existence of"dendrites", i. e. , stones in the shape of plants or corals, although the existence of such stones was a puzzle to them. In his book Prodromus Cristallographiae, in which the very word cristallography appears in print for the first time (1711), Mauricius CapeIler, a Swiss naturalist, shows in between facetted crystals, several examples of dendritic crystals. He seemed already to believe in the existence of a general class of branching structures (arbusculatum in modum) in Nature. In the same spirit, his friend Jean-Jacques Scheuchzer had demonstrated experimentally that viscous fingering could generate geological dendrites (1699). At the time of Renaissance, Leornardo da Vinci was quite interested in the resemblance between trees and vessels (1508), and later, Nicola Steno did not hesitate in considering branched deposits of silver found in mines as a close relative of snow.

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Non-Fiction Mathematics Applied Mathematics Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning Earth Sciences Geology & The Lithosphere Science Biology, Life Sciences Life Sciences in General Taxonomy & Systematics Physics Applied Physics

Biophysics Mathematical Physics Reference, Information & Interdisciplinary Subjects Research & Information Information theory Cybernetics & Systems Theory

Preface	p. v
Patterns with Open Branches or Closed Networks: Growth in Scalar or Tensorial Fields
Growth in a diffusive scalar field	p. 2
The basic Phenomenon	p. 2
The length scales of the patterns	p. 4
The branching process	p. 5
Speculations on isotropic or tip dominated growth in plants	p. 11
Growth in a tensorial field	p. 13
The formation of a network of fractures in a 2D stressed material	p. 13
The network of the plant leaves venation	p. 16
How can the venation patterns be similar to the crack patterns?	p. 17
Discussion	p. 20
Conclusion	p. 20
PLANTS
Branching in Plants
Introduction	p. 23
Growth and branching	p. 24
Why are there meristems in plants?	p. 25
Branching and architecture	p. 28
Unbranched trees	p. 28
Apical vs. lateral branching	p. 28
Exogenous vs. endogenous branching	p. 29
Continuous vs. rhythmic branching	p. 30
Immediate vs. delayed branching	p. 32
Homogeneous vs. differentiated branching	p. 33
Spontaneous vs. traumatic branching	p. 34
The architectural models	p. 35
Unitarian trees vs. colonies	p. 36
Crown-shyness	p. 38
Branching in trees and corals	p. 38
Inside the Buds: The Meristems
Introduction	p. 41
The internode: The basic unit of plant architecture	p. 42
Meristem identity and branching patterns	p. 44
Modified meristem identity can affect branching patterns	p. 44
Regulation of meristem identity	p. 46
The shoot apical meristem -SAM-: A major actor in the establishment of architecture	p. 47
Organization of the SAM: Cells and domains	p. 47
Distribution of meristem functions between the zones	p. 48
Self-organization of the meristem	p. 49
The meristem as a functional unit	p. 50
Genetic regulation of meristem development and molecular markers	p. 51
Forming a primordium, what makes a meristem bulge?	p. 52
Conclusion	p. 53
Mechanisms and regulation of branch formation	p. 53
Hypothetical mechanisms of branch formation	p. 53
Some examples of branching mechanisms	p. 55
Conclusions	p. 61
Regulation of meristem outgrowth	p. 61
Branching in leaves	p. 62
Different leaf morphologies	p. 62
The compound tomato leaf	p. 62
Final remarks	p. 66
Two Symmetries Linking Biological and Physical Branching Morphogenesis
Introduction	p. 73
Dendritic growth, botany and in-out symmetry	p. 74
General principles of vegetal growth	p. 74
A possible relationship between vegetal and crystal morphogenesis	p. 75
A numerical simulation showing the growth patterns	p. 77
Viscous fingers, organ function and time reversal	p. 83
Reversibility of the dendritic growth process	p. 83
Transposition to organ morphogenesis and function	p. 83
Establishing a Growth Axis in Fucoid Algae
Embryonic morphogenesis	p. 87
Axis selection	p. 89
Sperm entry	p. 89
Adhesion and vector perception	p. 90
Axis amplification	p. 93
Transmembrane domains and morphogenesis	p. 95
Shape Stability during Osmotic Growth
Introduction	p. 99
Osmotic growth	p. 100
Osmosis	p. 100
Osmotic growth	p. 101
Stability during osmotic growth	p. 102
Formulation of the problem	p. 102
The planar stationary solution	p. 103
Linear stability analysis	p. 104
Conclusion	p. 105
On Transcellular Ionic Currents
Introduction	p. 107
The theoretical approach	p. 108
Ionic currents resulting from Turing instability	p. 110
Ionic currents by self-organization of membrane proteins	p. 111
Ionic currents by negative differential conductance	p. 115
Conclusion	p. 117
RIVERS
Branched Patterns in Geology: Rivers and Other Systems
Introduction	p. 119
Quantitative analysis of branched patterns	p. 122
Stream order and Horton/Strahler ratios	p. 123
Crossovers	p. 126
The diffusion-limited aggregation model	p. 131
Examples of DLA-like patterns	p. 136
Branched rivers	p. 144
Optimization models	p. 148
Discussion	p. 156
NEURONS
Neuronal Arborization
Introduction	p. 161
Historical orientation	p. 163
Biological events involved in the growth of neuronal arborizations	p. 165
Neuronal morphogenesis	p. 165
Cytoskeleton and neuronal development	p. 166
Transport of materials in the neuron	p. 169
The growth cone	p. 170
Formation of dendritic trees	p. 180
Mechanisms of neurite initiation and branching. Biophysical considerations	p. 182
Morphological properties of neuronal cells and neuronal information processing	p. 193
Chemical Waves and Dendrites Navigation during Self-Wiring of Neural Nets
Introduction	p. 203
Neurite as amoeba with a tail	p. 204
A need for additional mechanism	p. 205
The excitable media mechanism	p. 205
Conclusions	p. 208

The Mouse Embryonic Lung: A Biological Example of Branching Morphogenesis
Introduction	p. 211
Embryonic lung development	p. 211
Bud formation is a multistep process	p. 213
Interactions between epithelial and mesenchymal compartments are essential for the branching process	p. 213
Several classes of genes are expressed in the embryonic lung	p. 214
Bone morphogenetic protein 4 inhibits proliferation of the epithelial compartment	p. 215
Sonic hedgehog induces mesenchymal cell proliferation	p. 216
Fibroblast growth factor 10 is associated with directional growth of the epithelial buds	p. 217
Two vertebrate homologs of the drosophila gene sprouty are expressed in the developing lung	p. 219
Toward an integrated model of budding	p. 220
Branched Structures, Acinus Morphology and Optimal Design of Mammalian Lungs
Introduction	p. 225
Structure and geometry of pulmonary acinus	p. 229
Physical parameters determining the acinus efficiency	p. 230
A better geometrical model: The "Hilbert" acinus	p. 234
Smaller is better: An optimized acinus	p. 236
Comparison with anatomical data	p. 238
Conclusions	p. 240
Quantitative Studies of Branching Morphogenesis in the Developing Kidney
Introduction	p. 243
Epithelial - mesenchymal interaction	p. 243
Partem of ureteric branching morphogenesis in humans	p. 244
In vitro models of branching morphogenesis	p. 245
A quantitative approach to 3D branching	p. 245
Comments on the methodology	p. 246
Concluding remarks	p. 248
Morphogenic Responses of Mammary Epithelial Cells Grown in Biological Semi-Solid Substrates
Introduction	p. 251
Experiments and methods	p. 252
Results	p. 254
Summary	p. 255
VESSELS
Vascular Development: Design Principles and Morphometric Analysis of a Branched Vascular Tree
General introduction	p. 257
The circulation	p. 258
Formation of the vascular tree	p. 260
Growth factors	p. 263
Chemical mediators	p. 264
Mechanical mediators	p. 265
Hemodynamics, metabolic demand and vascular network adaptation	p. 266
Flow	p. 267
Pressure	p. 268
Metabolic demand	p. 269
Analysis of vascular structure	p. 272
Conclusion	p. 277
Mechanics of the Large Artery Vascular Wall
Introduction	p. 281
Parameters in vessel wall mechanics	p. 281
Forces and stresses	p. 281
Compliance	p. 283
Determination of mechanical properties of blood vessels	p. 284
In vitro measurements	p. 284
In vivo measurements	p. 287
A Link Between Dendritic Growth and Remodeling of Blood Vessels
Introduction	p. 293
Description of the model	p. 294
2D numerical simulation	p. 296
A model of 3D growth, and its numerical simulation	p. 297
Comment on existing work	p. 300
Reasonable modifications of the model	p. 301
BACTERIA
Adaptive Branching During Colonial Development of Lubricating Bacteria
Introduction	p. 305
Basic branching patterns	p. 308
Observations and biological background	p. 308
Experimental observations: Branching growth of bacterial colonies	p. 312
The communicating walkers model: A hybrid model	p. 318
The lubricating bacteria model	p. 320
The non-linear diffusion model	p. 323
Chiral branching patterns	p. 324
Observations	p. 324
The communicating spinors model	p. 326
Chemotaxis and chemotactic signaling	p. 331
Biological background - chemotaxis in swimming bacteria	p. 331
Modeling the effect of chemotaxis on branching growth	p. 334
Modeling the effect of chemotaxis on chiral branching	p. 336
Weak chirality in P. dendritiformis	p. 339
Branching patterns of swarming bacteria	p. 342
Observation of bacterial vortices	p. 342
Modeling the collective migration	p. 344
Rotational chemotaxis and vortex formation	p. 345
Modeling the cooperative organization of colonies	p. 345
Sector formation in branching colonies	p. 347
Observations	p. 347
The effect of antibiotics on bacterial branching growth	p. 349
Conclusions	p. 354
Pattern Formation Modeling of Bacterial Colonies
Introduction	p. 359
Description of the model	p. 360
Numerical results	p. 361

Dendritic Growth
Introduction and outline	p. 365
Basic physics	p. 369
Surface tension	p. 370
Diffusion	p. 372
Noise	p. 374
Morphogenesis	p. 375
Planar Growth	p. 375
Instability	p. 376
Needle dynamics	p. 377
Tip growth conditions	p. 379
Applications	p. 381
Extension to three dimensions	p. 384
Branching	p. 388
Sidebranching	p. 388
Tip splitting	p. 392
Morphological classification	p. 392
Doublons and multiplets	p. 393
Compact and fractal structures	p. 394
Summary and future prospects	p. 396
Sidebranching in Solutal Dendritic Growth
Introduction	p. 403
Sidebranching in solutal solidification	p. 404
Sidebranching characteristics	p. 406
Conclusions	p. 406
Experimental Study of Sidebranching in Directional Solidification
Introduction	p. 409
Secondary cell instabilities	p. 409
Sidebranching	p. 410
Critical curve	p. 410
Noise-amplification theory	p. 411
Questioning theory	p. 413
Conclusion	p. 414
FLUIDS
Branching during Dewetting and Wetting
Introduction	p. 417
Definition of the contact angle and spreading pressure	p. 418
What determines wetting properties?	p. 419
Coexistence film/film	p. 420
Experimental facts	p. 421
Mapping of front dewetting dynamics onto crystal growth	p. 422
Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved.

Branching in Nature : Dynamics and Morphogenesis of Branching Structures, from Cell to River Networks

Dynamics and Morphogenesis of Branching Structures, from Cell to River Networks

At a Glance

Paperback

Shipping

How to return your order

Defective items

You Can Find This Book In

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