| Foreword | p. xvii |
| Acknowledgments | p. xix |
| What Educators Need to Know about the Brain | |
| Introduction and Conceptual Foundations | |
| Brain Literacy for Educators | p. 3 |
| Linking Brain and Literacy Research | p. 6 |
| Systems Approach to Brain and Literacy Instruction | p. 7 |
| Nature-Nurture Interactions | p. 9 |
| Biological Constraints on Academic Learning | p. 11 |
| Educational Constraints on Literacy Learning | p. 12 |
| Techniques for Studying the Brain and Brain-Behavior Relationships in Learning | p. 13 |
| Life Long Learning | p. 15 |
| Making Connections | p. 17 |
| General Principles of Microstructure and Microfunction | |
| Historical Background | p. 19 |
| Microstructure of Brain Architecture | p. 21 |
| Microfunction of the Brain | p. 26 |
| Mental Computations Underlying Mental Processes | p. 29 |
| Recommendations for Further Reading | p. 30 |
| Making Connections | p. 31 |
| General Principles of Macrostructure and Macrofunction | |
| Historical Background | p. 33 |
| Macrostructure | p. 34 |
| Macrofunction | p. 51 |
| Comparison of Technologies for Brain Analysis at the Macrolevel | p. 63 |
| Recommended Reading | p. 74 |
| Making Connections | p. 74 |
| General Principles of Brain Development | |
| Fertilization and Neurulation | p. 78 |
| Six Neural Processes | p. 78 |
| Neuromaturation | p. 83 |
| Emergent Normal Variation | p. 84 |
| Nature-Nurture Processing Mechanisms | p. 84 |
| Other Developmental Issues | p. 87 |
| Development of Functional Systems | p. 93 |
| Neurological Constraints | p. 96 |
| Genetic Constraints | p. 103 |
| Recommended Readings | p. 104 |
| Making Connections | p. 105 |
| Linking Brain Research to Literacy Research | |
| Building a Reading Brain Neurologically | |
| Creating a Reading System from Other Brain Systems | p. 111 |
| Coordinating Component Functions in Functional Systems | p. 133 |
| In Vivo Functional Imaging Studies of Reading | p. 133 |
| Recommendations for Further Reading | p. 163 |
| Making Connections | p. 164 |
| Building a Writing Brain Neurologically | |
| Dispelling Myths about Writing | p. 168 |
| Developmental Trajectory | p. 175 |
| In Vivo Functional Imaging Studies of Writing | p. 178 |
| Building a Writing Brain | p. 185 |
| Developmental Reorganization of the Writing Brain | p. 187 |
| Recommendations for Further Reading | p. 191 |
| Making Connections | p. 192 |
| Building a Computing Brain Neurologically | |
| Development of Quantitative Thinking | p. 196 |
| In Vivo Functional Imaging Studies of Math | p. 201 |
| Building a Computing Brain | p. 204 |
| Developmental Reorganization of Computing Brain | p. 208 |
| Recommended Reading | p. 209 |
| Making Connections | p. 210 |
| Linking Literacy Research to Brain Research | |
| Building a Reading Brain Pedagogically | |
| Pedagogy for Creating a Novice Reading Brain | p. 219 |
| Pedagogy for Creating a Developing Reading Brain | p. 233 |
| Implementing Research-Supported Instructional Design Principles | p. 240 |
| From Debates to Wars to Collaborative Problem Solving | p. 241 |
| Recommended Reading | p. 244 |
| Making Connections | p. 245 |
| Building a Writing Brain Pedagogically | |
| Pedagogy for Creating a Novice Writing Brain | p. 251 |
| Pedagogy for Creating a Developing Writing Brain | p. 256 |
| Implementation of Research-Supported Instructional Design Principles | p. 263 |
| Future Directions | p. 268 |
| Recommendations for Further Reading | p. 269 |
| Making Connections | p. 270 |
| Building a Computing Brain Pedagogically | |
| Pedagogy for Creating a Novice Computing Brain | p. 278 |
| Pedagogy for Creating a Developing Computing Brain | p. 284 |
| Implementing Research-Supported Instructional Design Principles | p. 288 |
| Recommendations for Further Reading | p. 292 |
| Making Connections | p. 293 |
| Educational Applications of Brain-Literacy Links | |
| Implications for Educational Policy | |
| School Entrance Age | p. 299 |
| Grade Repetition | p. 300 |
| Early Identification and Intervention | p. 302 |
| Progress Monitoring | p. 302 |
| Educational Diagnosis | p. 303 |
| Teacher Education | p. 303 |
| Dealing with Biocultural Diversity | p. 305 |
| The Educational Pendulum and Educating the Public | p. 306 |
| Impact of an In Vivo Teacher Researcher: From Her Own Classroom to all the Classrooms in the State | p. 307 |
| Recommendations for Further Reading | p. 310 |
| Making Connections | p. 310 |
| Implications for Classroom Practice | |
| Teachers Implementing Scientifically Supported Teaching Practices | p. 314 |
| Defining Brain-based Education | p. 315 |
| Brain-based Instructional Design Procedures | p. 319 |
| Brain-based Educational Assessment and Intervention | p. 322 |
| True Accountability | p. 322 |
| Recommendations for Further Reading | p. 325 |
| Making Connections | p. 326 |
| Glossary | p. 329 |
| References | p. 335 |
| Index | p. 369 |
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