Biosensors

Each chapter ends with a section of references Introduction o Brief Historical Background o Early Applications of Noble Metal Electrodes o Early Optical Methods o Ideal Biosensor Characteris-tics

Basic Electrochemical Principles o Electrochemical Cells o Oxide-Reduction Reactions o Voltage and Current Standard Conditions o Steady State Voltammogram o Transient Responses o Asymptotic Solutions and Data Transformations o Galvanostatic Response o Coulostatic Response

Electrochemical Transducers in Biology and Medicine o Glass pH Electrodes o Metal Oxide pH Electrodes o pH-Sensitive Mem-branes o Oxygen Electrodes o Carbon Dioxide Electrodes o Hydrogen Gas Electrodes o Hydrogen Peroxide Electrodes o Carbon Surface Electrodes o Ion-Sensitive Electrodes o Other Electrochemical Detection Methods o Clinical Applications of Electrochemical Transducers

Enzyme-Based Electrochemical Biosensors o Enzyme Biocatalysis Theory o Immobilization Techniques o Glucose Biosensor o Blood Glucose Monitoring o Industrial Glucose Monitoring o Urea Biosensor o Alcohol Biosensors o More Single Enzyme Biosensors o Multiple Enzyme Biosensors o Carbon Electrode Enzyme-Based Biosen-sors o Organic Phase Enzyme Biosensors o Alternate Electron Donors

Fabrication and Miniaturization Techniques o Microelectrodes o Enzyme Modifi ed Microelectrodes o Miniaturized Arrays o Semiconductor Needle o ENFET Biosensors

Optical Technology o Principles of Optical Measurements o Absorption Spectroscopy o Refl ec-tance Spectroscopy o Fluorescence o Phosphorescence o Oxyhemoglobin and Oximetry o Digital Image Processing o Optodes o Optical Waveguides o Light-Addressable Potentiometric Sensor

Miscellaneous Transducer Technologies o Enzyme-Based Calorimetry o Piezoelectric M