| Preface | p. xi |
| Acknowledgements | p. xv |
| Emotion since Darwin | p. 1 |
| What is an emotion? | p. 1 |
| A biological approach to emotion? | p. 5 |
| Darwin and 'the expression of the emotions in animals and man' | p. 7 |
| Cannon and the 'utility of the bodily changes in pain and great emotions' | p. 8 |
| James and feelings as the basis for emotion | p. 9 |
| Development of the emotions | p. 11 |
| Learning and emotion | p. 12 |
| Cognition and emotion | p. 13 |
| Biology and emotion | p. 13 |
| Releasers and state-dependent reflexes | p. 17 |
| Apologia | p. 17 |
| Neuroscience and emotion--a brief digression | p. 17 |
| Neurophysiology and emotion | p. 18 |
| Releasers and emotion | p. 21 |
| Reflexes and goal-directedness | p. 22 |
| Electrical stimulation of the brain and goal-directed behaviour | p. 24 |
| Electrical excitation versus natural excitability | p. 28 |
| The neural basis for the release of behaviour | p. 28 |
| Releasers, state-dependent reflexes and emotion | p. 31 |
| Purpose and emotion | p. 33 |
| Teleonomy, a redefinition of purpose | p. 33 |
| Teleonomy versus teleology | p. 34 |
| Emotions and teleonomy | p. 36 |
| Teleonomy and its implication for a unitary view of emotion | p. 38 |
| Expression: a window on the emotions? | p. 40 |
| Why do emotions produce expressions | p. 40 |
| Are human expressions innate or acquired? | p. 42 |
| The description of expressions | p. 45 |
| Identical forms of expression with different teleonomy | p. 47 |
| Is there a one-to-one link between an expression and an emotion? | p. 48 |
| Are physiological changes epiphenomena of emotion? | p. 51 |
| Why do physiological changes accompany emotion? | p. 51 |
| Could physiological changes play a role in emotion? | p. 52 |
| Autonomic and hormonal discharge in emotion | p. 53 |
| Emotional feeling after the elimination of peripheral feedback | p. 55 |
| Do visceral reactions differ in different emotions? | p. 57 |
| Emotion-specific release of hormones | p. 57 |
| Emotion-specific changes in autonomic response | p. 59 |
| Do visceral reactions determine what emotion is reported? | p. 62 |
| Conclusion | p. 65 |
| Somatic influences on the emotions | p. 67 |
| Do physiological changes determine emotion? | p. 67 |
| Effects of peripheral sympathectomy | p. 67 |
| Non-surgical manipulation of the sympathetic system | p. 69 |
| Emotion after the removal of hormonal influences | p. 70 |
| Secretions of the pituitary-adrenal cortex as controllers of emotion | p. 72 |
| False feedback experiments | p. 72 |
| A role for heart rate changes | p. 74 |
| Conclusion | p. 75 |
| Optimal foraging and the partial reinforcement effect: a model for the teleonomy of feelings? | p. 77 |
| Teleonomy, physiological change and feeling | p. 77 |
| How can you assess teleonomy of behaviour? | p. 78 |
| Optimality and the partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE) | p. 79 |
| Omission of reward and the generation of frustration | p. 81 |
| Accounts of the PREE in terms of frustration | p. 83 |
| Simple associative accounts of the PREE | p. 84 |
| Attention, aftereffects, toughening up and frustration | p. 87 |
| Behavioural separation of after-effects, stimuli of frustration and toughening up | p. 87 |
| Pharmacological separation of after-effects, stimuli of frustration and toughening up | p. 88 |
| The teleonomy of feelings | p. 90 |
| Do emotions mature or differentiate? | p. 93 |
| Teleonomy and procreation | p. 93 |
| Emotional development and emotional maturation | p. 94 |
| Do innate emotional expressions imply innate emotions? | p. 95 |
| Immediate effects of separation from parents | p. 96 |
| Distinct emotional reactions in the neonate | p. 97 |
| The effects of perinatal manipulations on adult behaviour | p. 100 |
| Long-term effects of early environment on adult behaviour | p. 101 |
| Do emotions mature and differentiate? | p. 103 |
| Cognition, learning and emotion | p. 105 |
| What place has learning in the analysis of emotion? | p. 105 |
| Radical behaviourism and cognitive learning theory | p. 107 |
| Limitations on the valid use of cognitive terms in learning theory | p. 109 |
| The use of emotion words without colloquial implications | p. 111 |
| The development of two-process theories of learning | p. 111 |
| Emotion and the release of species-specific behaviour | p. 115 |
| Emotion as an antidote to motivation | p. 118 |
| Motivation versus emotion | p. 121 |
| Emotion as a critical aspect of instrumental conditioning | p. 124 |
| Conclusions | p. 128 |
| Interaction of the components of emotion | p. 130 |
| Dialectical and non-dialectical interactions in emotion | p. 130 |
| The influence of the face on emotions | p. 132 |
| Facial expressiveness as a personality characteristic | p. 135 |
| Autonomic reactions and achievement | p. 137 |
| Hormone-behaviour interactions | p. 138 |
| Invisible interactions | p. 140 |
| Some implications for the study of emotion | p. 140 |
| Of mice and men | p. 143 |
| From mouse to monkey to man | p. 143 |
| The lachrymose ape | p. 145 |
| Separation distress--a general emotion? | p. 148 |
| Where do the innate human expressions come from? | p. 150 |
| Effects of electrical stimulation of the brain in humans | p. 153 |
| If rats are like little furry men, are mice like diminutive rats? | p. 155 |
| Is there frustration in rats and humans? | p. 159 |
| Cognition and corticosteroids | p. 162 |
| Emotionality in rat and man | p. 164 |
| Conclusion | p. 167 |
| Biology and emotion: some conclusions | p. 169 |
| What is an emotion? | p. 169 |
| A biological approach to emotion? | p. 173 |
| Specification of emotions | p. 175 |
| Darwin as the father of the psychology of emotion | p. 175 |
| Emotion, drive and state-dependent reflexes | p. 176 |
| Teleonomy and emotion | p. 178 |
| Comparison of the components of emotional reaction | p. 179 |
| Development, learning and emotion | p. 181 |
| The way forward | p. 182 |
| A specific example | p. 185 |
| Envoi | p. 191 |
| Glossary | p. 192 |
| Notes | p. 196 |
| References | p. 204 |
| Index | p. 219 |
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