Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering

By: P. Jung, J. Milton, John Milton

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Hardcover | 27 November 2002

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452 Pages

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24.77 x 15.88 x 1.91

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A "brain defibrillator" may be closer than we think. An epileptic seizure involves a paroxysmal change in the activity of millions of neurons. Feedback control of seizures would require an implantable device that could predict seizure occurrence and then deliver a stimulus to abort it. To examine the feasibility of building such a device, this text brings together experts in epilepsy, bio-engineering, and dynamical systems theory. Topics include the development of epileptic systems, seizure prediction, neural synchronization, wave phenomena in excitable media, and the control of complex neural dynamics using brief electrical stimuli.

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Roadmap	p. XVII
Medically Intractable Epilepsy	p. 1
Temporal Lobe Epilepsy	p. 1
Prevalence of MIE	p. 2
The Evolving Epileptic Syndrome	p. 4
Lesional Epilepsy	p. 5
Do Seizures Begat Seizures?	p. 6
Neuronal Re-organization	p. 7
Epilepsy as a Learning Disorder	p. 11
Dynamical Aspects of Epilepsy	p. 13
Conclusions	p. 14
Insights into Seizure Propagation from Axonal Conduction Times	p. 15
Axonal Conduction Velocities	p. 16
Unmyelinated Axons (Path 1)	p. 16
Myelinated Axons (Path 2)	p. 17
Human Seizure Propagation Rates	p. 19
Sub-cortical Mediated Spread (Path 3)	p. 21
Discussion	p. 22
Dynamic Epileptic Systems Versus Static Epileptic Foci?	p. 5
Failures of Epilepsy Surgery	p. 25
Dynamic Epileptic Systems	p. 26
Amygdalo-Hippocampal Interactions	p. 28
Propagation Pathways	p. 30
Extratemporal Seizure Propagation	p. 32
Inhibitory Mechanisms	p. 34
Conclusion	p. 35
Neuroglia, the Other Brain Cells	p. 37
Voltage-gated Na[superscript +] Channels in Astrocytes and Action Potentials	p. 38
Calcium Signaling in Glial Cells	p. 39
Cluster Decomposition and Cluster Entropy of Ca[superscript 2+] Waves	p. 42
Calcium Signaling in Hyperexcitable Tissues	p. 44
Cultures of Human Nervous Tissue	p. 45
Neuron-Glial Signaling	p. 47
Conclusions	p. 49
The Electroencephalogram (EEG): A Measure of Neural Synchrony	p. 51
Cortical Architecture	p. 51
Laminar Organization	p. 51
Columnar Organization	p. 53
Generation of the EEG	p. 54
Neuronal Dipole Layers	p. 56
Role of Glial Cells	p. 57
Epileptic Spikes	p. 57
Seizures	p. 60
Ictal EEG Patterns	p. 62
Limitations of the EEG	p. 64
Concluding Remarks	p. 67
Electrocorticographic Coherence Patterns of Epileptic Seizures	p. 69
Lateral Coherence	p. 69
ECoG Recordings	p. 71
Ictal Coherence	p. 71
Interictal Coherence	p. 76
Synchronization of Synaptically-Coupled Neural Oscillators	p. 83
Neural Oscillator Models	p. 88
Conductance-based Models	p. 88
Class I and Class II Excitability	p. 90
Phase Resetting Curves	p. 92
Periodic Forcing: Frequency-locking, Phase-locking and Synchronization	p. 93
Integrate-and-fire Model	p. 96
Mutual Synchronization in a Network of Synaptically Coupled Oscillators	p. 97
Network Model with Synaptic Coupling	p. 97
Synchronization in the Weak Coupling Regime	p. 99
Synchronization in the Strong Coupling Regime	p. 105
Synaptically Generated Traveling Waves	p. 110
Controlling Neural Synchrony with Periodic and Aperiodic Stimuli	p. 115
Arnold Tongue Diagrams	p. 116
Entrainment Versus Synchrony	p. 117
Synaptic Inputs	p. 118
Epileptic Hippocampal Slices	p. 119
Aperiodic Current Inputs	p. 121
Rate-dependent Control of Neural Synchrony	p. 123
Inhibitory Control of Neural Synchrony	p. 124
Periodically Stimulated Inhibitory Networks	p. 127
Discussion	p. 129
Modeling Pattern Formation in Excitable Media: The Legacy of Norbert Wiener	p. 131
Excitable Media	p. 132
Spiral Waves Around Obstacles	p. 134
Free Spiral Waves	p. 136
Kinematics of Curved Waves with Open Ends	p. 142
Complex Anisotropy	p. 145
Resonances	p. 148
Meandering	p. 154
Fibrillation and Turbulence	p. 159
Conclusions	p. 163
Are Cardiac Waves Relevant to Epileptic Wave Propagation?	p. 165
Introduction	p. 165
Different Molecular Mechanisms of Propagation	p. 166
Electrical Propagation Between Adjacent Cells	p. 168
Chemical Propagation Between Adjacent Cells	p. 175
Electrical Propagation in the Long-Range Fast-lane	p. 176
An Alternative Description of Propagation in Complex Media	p. 178
Electrical Stimulation of Excitable Tissues	p. 186
Pattern Formation in the Microbial World: Dictyostelium Discoideum	p. 189
Spiral Waves and Aggregation	p. 189
Wavefield Evolution	p. 194
Cell Streaming and Mound Formation	p. 199
Cell Sorting and Tip Formation	p. 206
Reprise	p. 210
Predicting Epileptic Seizures	p. 213
Empiricism and Theory	p. 214
Predicting Seizures	p. 216
Simple Nonlinear Measures	p. 218
Role of Non-stationarity and Non-autonomy	p. 223
Non-autonomy and the Metaphase Space	p. 225
Nonautonomy in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy	p. 227
Conclusion	p. 232
Prospective	p. 233
Addendum	p. 235
Comparison of Methods for Seizure Detection	p. 237
Methods for Seizure Prediction	p. 238
Power Spectrum	p. 238
Cross-correlation	p. 239
Principal Components Analysis	p. 239
Wavelets	p. 240
Phase Correlation	p. 240
Correlation Dimension	p. 241
Mutual Prediction	p. 242
Comparison of Seizure Detection Methods	p. 242
Discussion	p. 246
Direct Deep Brain Stimulation: First Steps Towards the Feedback Control of Seizures	p. 249
Background	p. 249
Stimulation of the Caudate Nucleus	p. 249
Stimulation of the Dentate Nucleus	p. 253
Clinical Experience	p. 256
Feedback Control of Deep Brain Stimulation	p. 257
Comparisons of Therapeutic Effects of Brain Stimulation	p. 258
Conclusion	p. 260
Seizure Control Using Feedback and Electric Fields	p. 263
Introduction	p. 263
Electric Field Modulation of Neuronal Activity	p. 264
History and Physics	p. 264
Modulation with DC	p. 265
Computational Confirmation of Modulation	p. 267
Key Instrumentation and Experimental Methods	p. 269
Measurement Technique	p. 269
Application of an Electric Field	p. 269
Feedback Control of In-vitro Seizure Activity	p. 271
Feedback Algorithm	p. 271
Field Characteristics	p. 271
Overview of Control Phenomena	p. 272
Seizure Suppression	p. 272
Seizure Enhancement	p. 272
Comparison of Parameters: a Single Experiment	p. 275
Feedback Suppression	p. 275
Suppression with Constant Field	p. 277
Stimulation with Low-Frequency Noise	p. 277
Positive Feedback Control	p. 278
Release Phenomena	p. 279
Results Summary	p. 279
Discussion	p. 281
Aborting Seizures with a Single Stimulus: The Case for Multistability	p. 283
Delayed Recurrent Loops	p. 285
Basins of Attraction	p. 289
Noise-induced Switching	p. 290
Statistical Periodicity	p. 291
Conclusion	p. 294
Unstable Periodic Orbits (UPOs) and Chaos Control in Neural Systems	p. 297
Unstable Periodic Orbits	p. 298
Locating UPOs	p. 299
Direct Observation of UPOs	p. 299
Topological Recurrence Method	p. 300
Periodic Orbit Transform Method	p. 304
Surrogate Analysis	p. 306
UPOs: Applications to Biology	p. 311
Canine Ventricular Fibrillation	p. 311
Rat Brain Hippocampus	p. 313
The Control of Chaos	p. 314
Control of Chaos in Cardiac Tissue	p. 315
Control of Chaos in Brain Tissue	p. 319
Discussion	p. 321
Prospects for Building a Therapeutic Cortical Stimulator	p. 323
Cortical Stimulation as a Treatment Approach	p. 323
Devices for Therapeutic Stimulation	p. 325
The Input Stage: Detection of Seizure Onset	p. 328
Recording Bioelectric Signals: FET vs. Metal Electrodes	p. 328
Chemical Signals: Ion-selective Electrodes	p. 331
Alternate Signals: Optical	p. 331
Processing Stage	p. 332
Output Stage	p. 333
Electrical Stimulation: Mechanisms	p. 334
Electrical Stimulation: Metal Electrodes	p. 335
Chemical Stimulation: Micropumps	p. 336
Power Supply: Battery vs. RF	p. 337
Materials and Packaging	p. 337
Closing and Speculation	p. 338
Brain Defibrillators: Synopsis, Problems and Future Directions	p. 341
Brain Defibrillator or Fibrillator?	p. 341
What to Treat: Seizures or Spikes?	p. 342
Seizure Prediction	p. 343
Sudden Changes in Neural Dynamics	p. 344
The Case for Brief Stimuli	p. 344
Changing Neural Synchrony	p. 346
Controlling Waves of Neural Activity	p. 346
Electrical Versus Chemical Stimuli	p. 347
Where to Deliver the Stimulus?	p. 348
Linear Versus Nonlinear Methods	p. 349
Problems	p. 350
Methodological Woes	p. 350
Measurement Guided Mathematical Models	p. 350
Stage of Patient's Epileptic Syndrome	p. 351
Animal Models	p. 351
Conclusion	p. 351
Color Plates	p. 353
References	p. 373
Index	p. 411
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Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering

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