| Mechanical Properties of Bacterial Exopolymeric Adhesives and their Commercial Development | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Adhesive Development | p. 4 |
| Mechanical Testing of Adhesive Bonds | p. 4 |
| Bacterial Exopolymer Adhesives | p. 5 |
| Related Polysaccharide-based Adhesives | p. 15 |
| Outlook | p. 17 |
| References | p. 18 |
| The Molecular Genetics of Bioadhesion and Biofilm Formation | p. 21 |
| Biofilm Formation and its Regulation | p. 21 |
| Environmental Factors Leading to Biofilm Formation | p. 22 |
| Quorum Sensing | p. 23 |
| Global Regulators | p. 24 |
| A Case of Complex Regulatory Control: The Curli Factors (Thin Aggregative Fimbriae) of Enterobacteria | p. 26 |
| Curli Fibers: A Major Determinant for Biofilm Formation in Enterobacteria | p. 26 |
| Conditions for the Expression of Curli | p. 28 |
| Regulation by Osmolarity | p. 30 |
| Regulation According to the Bacterial Growth Phase | p. 31 |
| Thermoregulation | p. 31 |
| Regulation as a Result of Oxygen Concentration | p. 32 |
| Other Regulatory Systems | p. 33 |
| GGDEF and EAL Regulatory Proteins: Regulation of Exopolysaccharide Biosynthesis at the Enzyme Level | p. 33 |
| The GGDEF-EAL Protein Family | p. 33 |
| References | p. 35 |
| Adhesion and Adhesives of Fungi and Oomycetes | p. 41 |
| Introduction | p. 41 |
| Prevalence and Importance of Adhesion in Fungi and Oomycetes | p. 41 |
| Adhesion as Part of Many Stages of Morphogenesis in Many Fungi | p. 42 |
| Functions of Adhesion | p. 43 |
| Selected Examples | p. 44 |
| Challenges in Identifying Adhesives in Fungi | p. 45 |
| Genetic 'Knockout' and 'Knockin' Strategies | p. 45 |
| Biochemical Strategies | p. 47 |
| Fungal and Oomycete Glues | p. 47 |
| Features | p. 47 |
| Composition of Glues | p. 48 |
| Secretion and Crosslinking, with a Focus on Transglutaminase | p. 49 |
| Cell-surface Macromolecules with Apparent Adhesive Properties | p. 49 |
| Fungal Adhesins | p. 55 |
| Conclusions | p. 56 |
| References | p. 57 |
| The Ulva Spore Adhesive System | p. 63 |
| Introduction | p. 63 |
| Cell Biological and Biochemical Aspects | p. 64 |
| The 'Adhesive Apparatus' | p. 64 |
| Use of Monoclonal Antibodies to Identify the Contents of Adhesive Vesicles | p. 66 |
| Biochemical Characteristics of the Adhesive Antigens | p. 68 |
| Experiments on Cross-linking | p. 68 |
| Molecular Aspects | p. 69 |
| Physical and Mechanical Properties of the Adhesive | p. 69 |
| Imaging the Adhesive by ESEM | p. 69 |
| The Influence of Surface Properties on Adhesion and Adhesive Spreading | p. 70 |
| Nanomechanical and Viscoelastic Properties of the Spore Adhesive | p. 72 |
| Adhesive Strength of the Whole Spore System | p. 74 |
| Conclusions and Further Perspectives | p. 74 |
| References | p. 76 |
| Diatom Adhesives: Molecular and Mechanical Properties | p. 79 |
| Diatoms and Adhesion | p. 79 |
| Diatom Morphology | p. 79 |
| Significance of Diatom Adhesion | p. 79 |
| Diatom Adhesion Strategies | p. 81 |
| General Composition of Diatom Mucilages | p. 81 |
| Adhesion and Gliding of Raphid Diatoms | p. 82 |
| Adhesion and Gliding Behaviour | p. 82 |
| Mechanism of Raphid Diatom Adhesion and Gliding | p. 83 |
| Fine Structure of Raphid Diatom Mucilages | p. 85 |
| Nanomechanical Properties Determined by AFM | p. 89 |
| Molecular Composition | p. 91 |
| Sessile Adhesion | p. 93 |
| Physical Properties of Adhesive Pads with AFM | p. 94 |
| Molecular Composition and Chemical Properties of Stalks: Achnanthes longipes | p. 96 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 99 |
| References | p. 99 |
| Phenolic-based Adhesives of Marine Brown Algae | p. 105 |
| Introduction | p. 105 |
| Adhesion of Brown Algal Propagules | p. 106 |
| Settlement and Attachment of Brown Algal Spores | p. 106 |
| Adhesion of Fucoid Zygotes | p. 107 |
| Secretion of Brown Algal Phenolics and Adhesion | p. 109 |
| Curing Mechanisms Involving Brown Algal Vanadium Peroxidases | p. 111 |
| Brown Algal Vanadium-dependent Haloperoxidase | p. 112 |
| In vitro Investigations of Haloperoxidase-mediated Oxidative Cross-linking | p. 113 |
| Requirement for an Efficient Oxidation Mechanism In Situ | p. 115 |
| Industrial Potential of Brown Algal Adhesives | p. 116 |
| Conclusions and Future Prospects | p. 118 |
| References | p. 119 |
| Chemical Subtleties of Mussel and Polychaete Holdfasts | p. 125 |
| Introduction | p. 125 |
| Protein Deamidation | p. 126 |
| Protein Phosphorylation | p. 129 |
| Dopa Chemistry | p. 131 |
| Gradients | p. 131 |
| Metal Binding | p. 134 |
| Cross-linking | p. 136 |
| Michael Additions: Amines | p. 138 |
| Michael Thiol Additions | p. 138 |
| Conclusion | p. 139 |
| References | p. 140 |
| Barnacle Underwater Attachment | p. 145 |
| Introduction | p. 145 |
| Barnacle Attachment | p. 146 |
| A Unique Sessile Crustacean | p. 146 |
| Attachment in the Life Cycle | p. 147 |
| Biosynthesis and Secretion of Underwater Cement | p. 147 |
| Barnacle Underwater Cement | p. 148 |
| Cement Layer | p. 148 |
| Cement Sample | p. 149 |
| Cement Nature | p. 149 |
| Multi-functionality in Underwater Attachment | p. 150 |
| Cement Proteins and Possible Functions | p. 151 |
| Possible Molecular Model for Barnacle Underwater Attachment | p. 158 |
| Comparison with Other Holdfast Proteins | p. 160 |
| Applications to Material Science | p. 162 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 163 |
| References | p. 163 |
| The Biochemistry and Mechanics of Gastropod Adhesive Gels | p. 167 |
| Introduction | p. 167 |
| Background | p. 168 |
| Adhesive Gels Used by Different Animals | p. 168 |
| Principles of Gel Mechanics | p. 170 |
| Adhesive Gel Structure | p. 173 |
| The Role of Different Proteins in Adhesion | p. 176 |
| Mechanisms of Crosslinking | p. 178 |
| Comparison of Gel Structure Among Gastropods | p. 179 |
| Conclusion | p. 180 |
| References | p. 180 |
| Adhesive Secretions in Echinoderms: An Overview | p. 183 |
| Introduction | p. 183 |
| Tube Feet | p. 183 |
| Larval Adhesive Organs | p. 189 |
| Cuvierian Tubules | p. 194 |
| Comparisons of Echinoderm Adhesives with Other Marine Bioadhesives | p. 197 |
| Conclusion | p. 202 |
| References | p. 203 |
| An Adhesive Secreted by Australian Frogs of the Genus Notaden | p. 207 |
| Introduction | p. 207 |
| Preliminary Field and Laboratory Data | p. 208 |
| Adhesive Collection | p. 209 |
| Solubilisation and Solidification | p. 210 |
| Mechanical Properties | p. 211 |
| Biocompatibility | p. 214 |
| Biochemical Studies | p. 215 |
| Colour | p. 216 |
| CD Spectra | p. 216 |
| Amino Acid Analysis | p. 216 |
| Protein Fractionation | p. 217 |
| Applications | p. 219 |
| Conclusions | p. 221 |
| References | p. 222 |
| Properties, Principles, and Parameters of the Gecko Adhesive System | p. 225 |
| Introduction | p. 225 |
| Adhesive Properties of Gecko Setae | p. 227 |
| Properties (1) Anisotropic Attachment and (2) High Adhesion Coefficient [mu prime] | p. 227 |
| Property (3) Low Detachment Force | p. 229 |
| Integration of Body and Leg Dynamics with Setal Attachment and Detachment | p. 230 |
| Molecular Mechanism of Gecko Adhesion | p. 231 |
| Property (4) Material Independent Adhesion | p. 233 |
| Anti-adhesive Properties of Gecko Setae | p. 238 |
| Properties (5) Self-cleaning and (6) Anti-self-adhesion | p. 238 |
| Property (7) Nonsticky Default State | p. 239 |
| Modeling Adhesive Nanostructures | p. 241 |
| Effective Modulus of a Setal Array | p. 241 |
| Rough Surface and Antimatting Conditions | p. 244 |
| Scaling | p. 244 |
| Scaling of Pad Area and Spatular Size | p. 245 |
| Scaling of Stress | p. 245 |
| Comparison of Conventional and Gecko Adhesives | p. 246 |
| Gecko-inspired Synthetic Adhesive Nanostructures | p. 248 |
| Future Directions in the Study of the Gecko Adhesive System | p. 250 |
| References | p. 251 |
| Biomimetic Adhesive Polymers Based on Mussel Adhesive Proteins | p. 257 |
| Introduction | p. 257 |
| Mussel Adhesive Proteins and DOPA | p. 258 |
| Medical Adhesives: Requirements and Existing Materials | p. 261 |
| MAP-Mimetic Adhesive Polymers | p. 262 |
| Extraction and Expression of MAPs | p. 263 |
| Chemical Synthesis of MAP Mimetic-Polymers | p. 264 |
| Antifouling MAP Mimetic Polymers | p. 269 |
| Conclusions | p. 272 |
| References | p. 273 |
| Subject Index | p. 279 |
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