| Introduction | p. 1 |
| The Nature of the Universe | p. 5 |
| The Views of the Early Greek Philosophers | p. 6 |
| Plato's Theory of the Universe | p. 10 |
| Aristotle's Conception of the Universe | p. 12 |
| The Views of the Epicureans, Stoics, and Skeptics | p. 16 |
| The Universe According to the Greco-Religious Thinkers | p. 18 |
| The Position of the Early Christian Thinkers | p. 19 |
| The Positions of the Medieval Christian Thinkers | p. 20 |
| The Views of the Forerunners of the Renaissance | p. 27 |
| The Universe According to the Philosophers of the Renaissance | p. 29 |
| Descartes' Conception of the Universe | p. 31 |
| Spinoza's Theory of the Universe | p. 33 |
| The Positions of Locke, Berkeley, and Hume | p. 35 |
| Leibnitz' Theory of the Universe | p. 39 |
| Kant's Conception of the Universe | p. 40 |
| Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel | p. 41 |
| The Views of the Later German Philosophers | p. 44 |
| The Positions of John Stuart Mill and Herbert Spencer | p. 47 |
| Josiah Royce, William James, and John Dewey | p. 49 |
| The Views of Henri Bergson and George Santayana | p. 51 |
| Man's Place in the Universe | p. 53 |
| Man's Importance According to the Early Greek Philosophers | p. 54 |
| The Positions of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle | p. 56 |
| The Views of the Later Greek Thinkers | p. 58 |
| Man's Importance According to the Early Christian Thinkers | p. 58 |
| The Views of the Medieval Christian Thinkers | p. 59 |
| As Seen by the Forerunners of the Renaissance | p. 62 |
| The Positions of Bacon and Hobbes | p. 63 |
| The Views of Descartes and Spinoza | p. 64 |
| Man's Place as Seen by Locke, Berkeley, and Hume | p. 65 |
| The Views of Leibnitz | p. 67 |
| The Position of Rousseau | p. 68 |
| Kant's View of Man's Importance | p. 68 |
| Fichte, Schelling, Schleiermacher, and Hegel | p. 69 |
| The Views of Later German Thinkers | p. 72 |
| Man's Place According to Comte | p. 74 |
| The Positions of Mill and Spencer | p. 75 |
| The Views of James, Dewey, and Russell | p. 77 |
| What Is Good and What Is Evil? | p. 80 |
| Good and Evil According to the Early Greek Philosophers | p. 81 |
| The Ethical Views of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle | p. 83 |
| Good and Evil According to the Epicureans and Stoics | p. 86 |
| The Position of the Greco-Religious Thinkers | p. 87 |
| The Ethical Views of the Early Christian Thinkers | p. 88 |
| The Views of the Medieval Christian Thinkers | p. 89 |
| Hobbes, Spinoza, Locke, and Leibnitz | p. 91 |
| The Ethical Philosophy of Kant | p. 94 |
| The Views of Fichte and Schopenhauer | p. 95 |
| According to Mill, Bentham, and Spencer | p. 97 |
| The Ethical Views of James and Dewey | p. 98 |
| The Nature of God | p. 100 |
| The Views of the Early Greek Philosophers | p. 102 |
| The Concept of God in the Thought of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle | p. 104 |
| The Position of the Later Greek Thinkers | p. 106 |
| The Greco-Religious Ideas About God | p. 107 |
| The Early and Medieval Christian Conception of God | p. 108 |
| Bruno, Boehme, and Other Forerunners of the Renaissance | p. 113 |
| The Position of Bacon, Hobbes, Descartes, and Pascal | p. 114 |
| The Nature of God According to Spinoza | p. 116 |
| The Views of Locke, Berkeley, Hume, and Leibnitz | p. 117 |
| The Concept of God in the Thought of Kant | p. 120 |
| Fichte, Schelling, Schleiermacher, Hegel, and Later German Thinkers | p. 121 |
| The Position of Comte, Spencer, and Bradley | p. 124 |
| The Views of James and Dewey | p. 124 |
| Fate versus Free Will | p. 127 |
| The Idea of Fate Among the Early Greek Thinkers | p. 129 |
| According to Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle | p. 130 |
| The Views of the Later Greek Philosophers | p. 132 |
| The Position of the Greco-Religious Thinkers | p. 134 |
| Early and Medieval Christian Thinkers | p. 135 |
| The Views of Bacon, Hobbes, Descartes, and Spinoza | p. 139 |
| The Position of Locke, of Hume, and of Leibnitz | p. 142 |
| Fate and Free Will According to Voltaire and to Rousseau | p. 145 |
| Kant, Fichte, Schelling, Schopenhauer, and Other German Thinkers | p. 146 |
| The Position of Mill and of Green | p. 150 |
| The Views of James and Dewey | p. 151 |
| The Soul and Immortality | p. 153 |
| The Soul as Viewed by the Early Greek Philosophers | p. 155 |
| The Soul and Immortality According to Plato and Aristotle | p. 157 |
| The Position of the Later Greek Thinkers | p. 159 |
| The Views of Plotinus | p. 160 |
| The Early and Medieval Christian Conception of the Soul | p. 160 |
| The Soul According to the Forerunners of the Renaissance | p. 162 |
| The Views of Bacon and Hobbes | p. 163 |
| The Views of Descartes and Spinoza | p. 163 |
| Locke, Berkeley, Hume, and Leibnitz | p. 165 |
| The Soul and Immortality According to Kant | p. 167 |
| Fichte, Schleiermacher, Herbart, and Schopenhauer | p. 168 |
| Recent and Present-Day Conceptions of the Soul and Immortality | p. 170 |
| Man and the State | p. 175 |
| The State as Viewed by the Early Greek Philosophers | p. 178 |
| The State According to Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle | p. 181 |
| The Positions of the Later Greek Thinkers | p. 184 |
| The Views of the Early Christian Thinkers | p. 186 |
| The Views of the Medieval Christian Thinkers | p. 188 |
| The State as Viewed by the Forerunners of the Renaissance | p. 192 |
| Machiavelli's Conception of the State | p. 193 |
| Grotius, Hobbes, and Other Thinkers of the Renaissance | p. 194 |
| The Views of Spinoza, Locke, and Adam Smith | p. 196 |
| The Position of Voltaire and of Rousseau | p. 198 |
| The State According to Hegel, Marx, and Lassalle | p. 199 |
| De Maistre, Saint-Simon, and Comte | p. 200 |
| The Views of Mill and Spencer | p. 202 |
| Nietzsche's Conception of the State | p. 204 |
| The Views of Dewey and Recent Thinkers | p. 205 |
| Man and Education | p. 207 |
| Education as Viewed by the Early Greek Philosophers | p. 209 |
| According to Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle | p. 210 |
| The Roman Conception of Education | p. 212 |
| Early Christian Conception of Education | p. 213 |
| St. Benedict and the Monastic Way of Life | p. 214 |
| Education in the Middle Ages and Early Renaissance | p. 215 |
| Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation | p. 217 |
| The Views of Bacon and Hobbes | p. 218 |
| Comenius' Philosophy of Education | p. 218 |
| Locke and Rousseau | p. 219 |
| Pestalozzi's Conception of Education | p. 221 |
| Herbart's View of Education | p. 222 |
| Froebel's Conception of Education | p. 223 |
| Mind and Matter | p. 226 |
| Mind and Matter as Contrasted by the Early Greek Thinkers | p. 228 |
| Plato, Aristotle, and the Later Greek Philosophers | p. 230 |
| The Positions of Philo and St. Augustine | p. 233 |
| According to the Medieval Christian Thinkers | p. 234 |
| Roger Bacon and Paracelsus | p. 235 |
| Francis Bacon and Hobbes | p. 236 |
| Descartes and Spinoza | p. 238 |
| Locke, Berkeley, and Hume | p. 240 |
| The Views of Leibnitz | p. 241 |
| Kant and Later German Philosophers | p. 241 |
| Bradley, Royce, and Bergson | p. 244 |
| Comte, James, Dewey, Santayana | p. 244 |
| Ideas and Thinking | p. 246 |
| What Thinking Meant to the Early Greek Philosophers | p. 247 |
| According to Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle | p. 249 |
| The Views of the Later Greek Philosophers | p. 250 |
| The Medieval Christian View | p. 251 |
| Galileo and the Beginning of the Scientific Attitude | p. 253 |
| Bacon, Descartes, Spinoza | p. 254 |
| Locke, Berkeley, Hume, and Leibnitz | p. 256 |
| Kant, Fichte, Hegel | p. 257 |
| Comte, Mill, Spencer | p. 260 |
| James and Dewey | p. 260 |
| Some Recent Approaches to Philosophy | p. 263 |
| Kierkegaard and the Beginnings of Existentialism | p. 264 |
| The Views of Heidegger, Jaspers, and Sartre | p. 265 |
| Three Philosophers of Science: Whitehead, Russell, and Moore | p. 266 |
| Logical Positivism | p. 268 |
| Two Philosophers of the Spirit | p. 269 |
| Some Current Philosophers in the Religious Tradition | p. 270 |
| Conclusion | p. 272 |
| Biographical Notes | p. 275 |
| Index | p. 297 |
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