| List of Tables | p. xiii |
| List of Figures | p. xv |
| Preface | p. xvii |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Evolution of the Bancassurance Concept | p. 4 |
| Introduction | p. 4 |
| The concept of bancassurance | p. 4 |
| Banking and insurance: differences and similarities | p. 5 |
| Differences between banking and insurance | p. 5 |
| Similarities between banking and insurance | p. 6 |
| Definition of the bancassurance concept | p. 7 |
| Historical developments of bancassurance | p. 10 |
| Evolution of the demand for financial services | p. 13 |
| Demographic changes | p. 13 |
| Trends in savings patterns | p. 16 |
| Increasing customer awareness | p. 19 |
| Evolution of the competitive environment in the financial services industry | p. 21 |
| Changes in the competitive environment of banks | p. 21 |
| Evolution of the competitive forces in the banking industry | p. 21 |
| Profitability trends in banking | p. 26 |
| Changes in the life insurance industry | p. 28 |
| The growth patterns in the life assurance market | p. 28 |
| Competition in the life assurance industry | p. 31 |
| The new face of distribution in life assurance | p. 33 |
| The success of bancassurance | p. 36 |
| The extent of the bancassurance phenomenon | p. 36 |
| Barriers to success in bancassurance | p. 38 |
| Customer resistance | p. 38 |
| Choice of organisational structures | p. 39 |
| Cultural conflicts in bancassurance | p. 40 |
| General insurance | p. 42 |
| Conclusion | p. 43 |
| Bancassurance in the United Kingdom | p. 44 |
| Introduction | p. 44 |
| Regulatory changes in the United Kingdom | p. 44 |
| The Financial Services Act (1986) | p. 45 |
| The Building Societies Act (1986) | p. 48 |
| Major bancassurers in the United Kingdom | p. 51 |
| The precursors | p. 51 |
| TSB Group | p. 52 |
| Barclays Bank | p. 54 |
| The second tier bancassurers | p. 56 |
| Lloyds Bank | p. 56 |
| Midland Bank | p. 57 |
| Britannia Building Society | p. 58 |
| National and Provincial Building Society | p. 59 |
| Woolwich Building Society | p. 59 |
| Royal Bank of Scotland | p. 60 |
| Recent additions to the bancassurance scene | p. 61 |
| National Westminster | p. 61 |
| Abbey National | p. 62 |
| The very latest bancassurers | p. 62 |
| 'Assurbanque' in the United Kingdom | p. 63 |
| Main features of bancassurance in the United Kingdom | p. 65 |
| Modes of entry in bancassurance | p. 65 |
| Organisational structures | p. 67 |
| Distribution: the key to success in bancassurance? | p. 68 |
| Main channels of distribution in bancassurance | p. 68 |
| Managerial efforts to achieve distribution synergies | p. 69 |
| Conclusion | p. 70 |
| Bancassurance in Europe | p. 72 |
| Introduction | p. 72 |
| Bancassurance in France | p. 72 |
| French bancassurers in the life sector | p. 72 |
| General insurance | p. 77 |
| French bancassurance environment | p. 79 |
| Bancassurance in Germany | p. 80 |
| German bancassurers | p. 80 |
| German bancassurance analysis | p. 82 |
| Bancassurance in Italy | p. 82 |
| Italy's bancassurers | p. 82 |
| Italian bancassurance development | p. 84 |
| Bancassurance in the Netherlands | p. 85 |
| Dutch bancassurers | p. 85 |
| Analysis of Dutch bancassurance | p. 88 |
| Bancassurance in Spain | p. 89 |
| Spanish bancassurers | p. 89 |
| Analysis of Spanish bancassurance | p. 91 |
| Bancassurance in Europe: a cross-country comparison | p. 92 |
| Country-specific factors in the bancassurance trend | p. 92 |
| Entry routes in different European countries | p. 94 |
| Level of bancassurance integration in Europe | p. 95 |
| Conclusion | p. 96 |
| The Theory of Corporate Diversification | p. 97 |
| Introduction | p. 97 |
| The nature of the corporate diversification process | p. 98 |
| Categories of diversification strategies | p. 98 |
| Classification of corporate diversification strategies | p. 98 |
| Rumelt's specialisation ratio | p. 101 |
| Entry vehicles | p. 104 |
| Entry through internal development | p. 104 |
| Entry through acquisition | p. 105 |
| Sequenced entry | p. 106 |
| Organisational structures | p. 107 |
| Vertical differentiation | p. 107 |
| Horizontal differentiation | p. 108 |
| Theoretical rationale for conglomerate diversification | p. 108 |
| Agency theory | p. 110 |
| Profitability of target | p. 113 |
| Synergies | p. 115 |
| Financial synergies | p. 117 |
| Risk-reduction motive | p. 119 |
| Empirical evidence | p. 122 |
| Testing various hypotheses of corporate diversification | p. 122 |
| Methodology | p. 122 |
| Results | p. 123 |
| Testing the performance of related and unrelated diversification | p. 126 |
| Methodology | p. 126 |
| Results | p. 129 |
| Applicability of corporate diversification literature to bancassurance diversification | p. 129 |
| The nature of the process of bank diversification in insurance | p. 130 |
| Theoretical motives for bancassurance diversification | p. 130 |
| Growth in size | p. 131 |
| Profitability of life insurance | p. 133 |
| Synergies | p. 133 |
| Financial motives | p. 135 |
| Risk reduction | p. 136 |
| Conclusion | p. 137 |
| Review of the Empirical Studies on Bank Diversification and Risk | p. 138 |
| Introduction | p. 138 |
| Background to corporate diversification | p. 138 |
| Bank risk and diversification: studies that use actual bank experiences | p. 139 |
| Bank diversification and risk: studies that use hypothetical business combinations | p. 141 |
| Variance-covariance analyses | p. 145 |
| Portfolio simulations | p. 146 |
| Merger simulations | p. 154 |
| Data issues | p. 164 |
| Market versus accounting data | p. 164 |
| Return measures | p. 168 |
| Risk measures | p. 170 |
| Industry weighted and unweighted averages | p. 176 |
| Literature appraisal and its applicability to bancassurance and risk | p. 178 |
| Bank diversification and risk: studies using actual bank experiences versus hypothetical combinations | p. 178 |
| Studies using hypothetical combinations: portfolio versus merger simulations | p. 180 |
| Applicability to the research question | p. 184 |
| Conclusion | p. 185 |
| The Risk Effects of Bank Diversification into Bancassurance | p. 187 |
| Introduction | p. 187 |
| Methodology | p. 187 |
| Methodology | p. 188 |
| Risk and return measures | p. 189 |
| Return | p. 189 |
| Standard deviation | p. 190 |
| Coefficient of variation | p. 190 |
| Z-score | p. 191 |
| Industry statistics | p. 192 |
| Accounting for life assurance | p. 194 |
| Industry structure - mutual and composite insurers | p. 194 |
| Reporting practices | p. 195 |
| Designing proxies for life insurers' performance | p. 198 |
| Data | p. 202 |
| Banking sample | p. 202 |
| Life assurance sample | p. 203 |
| Descriptive statistics of sample firms | p. 205 |
| Sample firms as a percentage of total population | p. 205 |
| Asset growth and profitability trends | p. 207 |
| Sample performance | p. 209 |
| Results | p. 214 |
| Building Societies-mutual Insurers | p. 215 |
| Building Societies-proprietary life insurers | p. 216 |
| Commercial banks-mutual Insurers | p. 216 |
| Commercial banks-proprietary life insurers | p. 217 |
| Conclusion | p. 219 |
| Regulatory Issues | p. 221 |
| Introduction | p. 221 |
| Regulatory trends in the financial services industry | p. 221 |
| State of regulations regarding bancassurance | p. 224 |
| Regulations pertaining to production | p. 224 |
| Regulations pertaining to distribution | p. 225 |
| Regulations pertaining to ownership | p. 226 |
| EU regulations pertaining to bancassurance | p. 227 |
| The rise of regulatory concerns | p. 232 |
| Competition | p. 232 |
| Consumer protection | p. 233 |
| Risk of double gearing | p. 234 |
| Risk of contagion | p. 236 |
| Transparency and authority for supervision | p. 238 |
| Other regulatory issues | p. 239 |
| Conclusion | p. 240 |
| Conclusions | p. 242 |
| Bibliography | p. 244 |
| Index | p. 262 |
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