Preface
Acknowledgments
On the MIT-Pappalardo Series of Mechanical Engineering Books
On the CIRP Design Book Series
1. Introduction to Axiomatic Design
1.1: Introduction
1.2: Current State of Design Practice
1.3: Who Are the Designers? How Do We Design? What Is Design?
1.4: What Is the Ultimate Goal of Axiomatic Design?
1.5: Role of Axioms in Development of Science and Technology: A Historical Perspective
1.6: Axiomatic Approach versus Algorithmic Approach
1.7: Axiomatic Design Framework
1.7.1: The Concept of Domains
1.7.2: Definitions
1.7.3: Mapping from Customer Needs to Functional Requirements
1.7.4: The First Axiom: The Independence Axiom
1.7.5: Ideal Design, Redundant Design, and Coupled Designs: A Matter of Relative Numbers of DPs and FRs
1.7.6: Examples Involving Decoupling of Coupled Designs
1.7.7: Decomposition, Zigzagging, and Hierarchy
1.7.8: Requirements for Concurrent Engineering
1.7.9: The Second Axiom: The Information Axiom
1.7.10: Reduction of the Information Content: Robust Design
1.7.10.1: Elimination of Bias
1.7.10.2: Reduction of Variance
1.7.11: Reduction of the Information Content through Integration of DPs
1.7.12: Designing with Incomplete Information
1.8: Common Mistakes Made by Designers
1.9: Comparison of Axiomatic Design with Other Methodologies
1.10: Summary
References
Appendix 1A Corollaries and Theorems
Homework
2. One-FR Design, the Information Axiom, and Robust Design
2.1: Introduction
2.2: Introduction to One-FR Design
2.2.1: One-FR Design versus Multi-FR Design
2.2.2: Minimization of the Information Content
2.3: Design Issues for the One-FR Design
2.4: One-FR Design and Information Content
2.4.1: One-FR Design with No Constraints
2.4.1.1: Robustness through Lower Stiffness
2.4.1.2: Stiffness and Response Rate
2.4.1.3: Robust Design by Making the System "Immune" to Variation
2.4.2: One-FR Design with Constraints
2.4.3 Nonlinear One-FR Design with Constraints:
2.5: Elimination of Bias and Reduction of Variance
2.6: Robust Design
2.6.1: Determination of Tolerances for Robust Design
2.6.2: Effect of Noise on FRs in Design and Manufacturing
2.6.3: Robustness and the Rate of Response in Nonlinear Design
2.7: Design Process
2.8: Summary
References
Appendix 2A Stress in a Thick Wall Tube
Appendix 2B Discrete Random Variables: Expected Values, Variance, and Standard Deviation
Appendix 2C Continuous Random Variables: Expected Value, Variance, Standard Deviation, and Multivariate Random Variables
Homework
3. Multi-FR Design
3.1: Introduction
3.2: Brief Review of Axiomatic Theory for Multi-FR Designs
3.3: The Independence Axiom and the Information Axiom: Their Implications for a Multi-FR Design Task
3.4: On Ideal Multi-FR Design
3.5: Uncoupled and Decoupled Multi-FR Designs
3.5.1: Propagation of Tolerances in Uncoupled, Decoupled, and Coupled Designs and Its Implications for Design Robustness
3.5.2: Examples of Mulit-FR Design
3.6: Information Content, Complexity, and Noise of Multi-FR Design
3.6.1: The Relationship between Complexity and Information Content
3.6.2: Determination of Information Content of Uncoupled, Decoupled, and Coupled Designs
3.6.3: Accommodating Noise in the Design Process
3.7: Integration of DPs to Minimize the Information Content
3.8: Nonlinear Multi-FR Design
3.9: Design of Dispatching Rules and Schedules: Avoiding Traffic Congestion
3.9.1: Dispatching Rules and the Independence Axiom
3.9.2: Scheduling
3.10: Axiomatic Design Basis for Robust Design
3.10.1: One-FR Design
3.10.2: Multi-FR Design
3.10.3: Information Content of Multi-FR Design
3.11: Summary
References
Appendix 3A: Independence of the Two Design Axioms
Appendix 3B: Corollaries and Theorems Related to Information and Complexity
Appendix 3C: Probability of Success of Decoupled and Uncoupled Designs When There Is No Bias
Appendix 3D: Why Coupling in Design Should Be Avoided
Homework
4. Design of Systems
4.1: Introduction
4.2: Issues Related to System Design
4.3: Classification of Systems
4.4: Axiomatic Design Theory for Fixed Systems
4.5: Design and Operation of Large Systems
4.5.1: Introduction to Large-System Issues
4.5.2: What Is a Large System?
4.5.3: Definition of a Large Flexible System
4.5.4: Axiomatic Design of a Large Flexible System
4.5.5: Systems Synthesis through Physical Integration of DPs
4.5.6: On Designing the Best Large Flexible System
4.5.7: Theorems Related to the Design of Large Systems
4.6: Representation of the System Architecture of Fixed Systems
4.6.1: Hierarchies in Design Domains through Decomposition of FRs, DPs, and PVs: A Representation of the System Architecture
4.6.2: Design Matrix and Module-Junction Diagrams: Another Means of System Representation
4.6.3: Flow Diagram: A Representation of System Architecture
4.6.4: System Control Command
4.7: Mathematical Modeling, Simulation, and Optimization of Systems
4.8: Application of the Flow Diagram of the System Architecture
4.9: On Human-Machine Interface
4.10: Summary
References
Homework
5. Axiomatic Design of Software
5.1: Introduction
5.2: Axiomatic Design Theory for Software Design
5.2.1: Review of the Axiomatic Design Process for Software
5.2.3: Application of the Flow Diagram
5.3: Software Design Process
5.4: Axiomatic Design of Object-Oriented Software Systems
5.4.1: Object-Oriented Techniques
5.4.2: Modified OOT for Compatibility with Axiomatic Design
5.4.3: Basics of Axiomatic Design of Object-Oriented Software Systems
5.5: Axiomatic Design of Object-Oriented Software System for Designers: Acclaro Software
5.5.1: Introduction
5.5.2: Axiomatic Design of Acclaro Software
5.5.3: Axiomatic Design on the FR1141 Branch
5.5.4: Object-Oriented Model: Bottom-Up Approach
5.5.5: Coding with the System Architecture
5.6: Design of Rapid-Prototyping Software for Real-Time Control of Hardware/Software System
5.7: An Ideal Software System
5.8: Other Issues Related to Software Design
5.8.1: Reusability
5.8.2: Extensionality
5.8.3: Knowledge and Information Requirements in Software Design
5.9: Implications of the Information Axiom in Software Design
5.9.1: Qualitative Implementation of the Information Axiom
5.9.2: Quantitative Measure of the Information Content
5.10: Summary
References
Homework
6. Axiomatic Design of Manufacturing Systems
6.1: Introduction
6.2: Basic Requirements of a Manufacturing System
6.3: Elements of Manufacturing Systems
6.4: Axiomatic Design of Fixed Manufacturing Systems for Identical Parts
6.4.1: Highest Level Design of a Fixed Manufacturing System
6.4.2: Analytical Solutions for Queues in Decouplers
6.5: Axiomatic Design of a Flexible Manufacturing System for Different Types of Parts
6.6: Mathematical Modeling and Optimization of Design
6.7: Representation of Manufacturing System Architecture
6.8: Summary
References
Homework
7. Axiomatic Design of Materials and Materials-Processing Techniques
7.1: Introduction
7.2: Mixalloys
7.2.1: History of Mixalloys
7.2.2: Design of Dispersion-Strengthened Metals: Mapping from the Functional Domain to the Physical Domain
7.2.3: Design of the Process: Mapping from the Physical Domain to the Process Domain
7.2.4: Further Development of the Process
7.2.4.1: Rapid Solidification
7.2.4.2: Metering the Flow Rate of Two Streams
7.2.4.3: Final Processing
7.2.5: Mixalloy Equipment
7.2.6: Properties of Mixalloys: Dispersion-Strengthened Copper
7.3: Microcellular Plastics
7.3.1: Introduction to Microcellular Plastics
7.3.2: Design of a Batch Process
7.3.3: Design of Continuous Process
7.3.3.1: Brief Introduction to the Physics of the Process
7.3.3.2: Design of a Continuous Process
7.3.4: Performance of Microcellular Plastics
7.3.5: Other Advantages of the MuCell Process
7.4: Layered Manufacturing Processes for Rapid Prototyping
7.4.1: Design of Layered Manufacturing Processes
7.4.2: Information Content of Layered Manufacturing Processes
7.5: Summary
References
Homework
8. Product Development
8.1 Introduction:
8.1.1: Important Questions to Ask before Developing a New Product
8.1.2: Basic Requirements of Product Manufacture
8.1.3: How Should Companies Avoid Making Mistakes during Product Development?
8.1.4: What Have Universitites Done in This Area?
8.1.5: Customization of Products to Satisfy Individual Customers
8.1.6: Total Quality Management (TQM)
8.2: Mapping from the Customer Domain to the Functional Domain
8.2.1: For Existing Products
8.2.2: For New Innovative Products
8.3: Mapping from FRs to DPs
8.3.1: Decomposition of FS2 and DP2
8.4: Application of the Information Axiom
8.4.1: General Criteria
8.4.2: Error Budgeting
8.5: Case Study: Depth Charge
8.5.1: Case Study Background
8.5.2: Effectively Searching for Potential Design Solutions
8.5.3: Design of the Depth Charge Initiator
8.5.3.1: Problem Definition
8.5.3.2: Highest Level of FRs and DPs
8.5.3.3: Decomposing the Initiatior (FR1)
8.5.3.4: Design of Subsystems
8.5.3.5: Final Comments on the Case Study
8.6: Chemical-Mechanical Planarization (CMP) Machine
8.6.1: Design of the Mechanical System
8.6.1.1: Design through Decomposition
8.6.1.2: Master Design Matrix (Full Design Matrix)
8.6.1.3: Overall System Design
8.6.2: Axiomatic Development of CMP a Machine Control System
8.6.2.1: System Level
8.6.2.2: Application Level
8.6.2.3: Sequence Level
8.6.2.4: System Integration
8.7: Concurrent Engineering: Mapping from FR to DP to PV
8.8: Product Service
8.9: System Architecture
8.10: Summary
References
Homework
9. A Theory of Complexity: The Design Axioms, Information, Complexity, and Periodicity
9.1: Introduction
9.2: Complexity, Uncertainty, Information, and Periodicity
9.2.1: Preliminary Remarks
9.2.2: Definition of Complexity
9.2.3: Time-Independent Complexities: Real Complexity, Imaginary Complexity, and Absolute Complexity
9.2.3.1: Real Complexity
9.2.3.2: Imaginary Complexity
9.2.3.3: Absolute Complexity
9.2.4. Time-Dependent Complexity: Combinatorial Complexity and Periodic Complexity:
9.3: Reduction of Uncertainty: Conversion of a Design with Time-Dependent Combinatorial Complexity to a Design with Time-Dependent Periodic Complexity
9.4: Distinction between Time-Independent and Time-Dependent Complexities
9.5: Other Implications of the Design Axioms and Periodic Complexity: A Speculation
9.5.1: Nature
9.5.2: Biological Systems and Living Beings
9.5.3: Artificial Systems
9.6: Complexity of Natural Phenomena
9.7: Summary
Reference
Homework
Index
