Avalanche Dynamics : Dynamics of Rapid Flows of Dense Granular Avalanches

Dynamics of Rapid Flows of Dense Granular Avalanches

By: S.P. Pudasaini, Kolumban Hutter

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Hardcover | 1 February 2007

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628 Pages

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Avalanches, debris, mudflows and landslides are common and natural phenomena that occur worldwide, predominantly in mountainous regions. With an emphasis on snow avalanches, this book sets out to provide a survey and discussion about the motion of avalanche-like flows from initiation to run out. An important aspect of this book is the formulation and investigation of a simple but appropriate continuum mechanical model for the realistic prediction of geophysical flows of granular material. This will help the practitioners in the field to better understand the physical input and provide them with a tool for their work. Originating from many lectures the authors have given over the years, this instructive volume brings the reader to the forefront of research - an aim also supported by an extensive bibliogrpahy of almost 500 entries. Avalanche Dynamics should be accessible to, and is intended for, a broad readership of researchers, graduate students and practitioners with backgrounds in geophysics, geology, civil and mechanical engineering, applied mathematics and continuum physics.

Industry Reviews

From the reviews:

"This highly specialized book is interesting not only because of its important subject matter but also because of its egocentric perspective. ... while readers who appreciate mathematics will find that the book provides an entree to the burgeoning field of granular avalanche research." (Richard M. Iverson, Journal of Geology, Vol. 116, 2008)

"Shiva Pudasaini ... wrote this impressive compendium to summarize twenty years of research in the field of granular flows. ... The readership targeted is clearly scientists ... graduate students following courses in geophysics, applied mathematics, physics, and mechanics, as well as trained practitioners. ... In conclusion, I warmly recommend the book to students, engineers, and scientists who have an interest in granular flows and/or snow avalanches. ... it offers a unique way of entering the fascinating world of granular geophysical flows." (Christophe Ancey, Journal of Sedimentary Research, April, 2008)

"For geophysicists this book resumes the state-of-the-art of avalanche theory. ... Avalanche Dynamics offers a historical and geographical survey of avalanche research in Europe and America and pursues the subject of granular materials in general. ... The book is an encyclopaedic presentation of groundbreaking work. It deals adequately with the subject's mathematics and physics. It should find its place on the desk of every avalanche researcher, and in the library of every geophysical institute."(Helmut Kirchner, Pure and Applied Geophysics, Vol. 165, 2008)

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You Can Find This Book In

Non-Fiction Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning The Environment Natural Disasters Engineering & Technology Mechanical Engineering & Materials Materials Science Mechanics of Fluids Science Physics Classical Mathematics Fluid Mechanics

Earth Sciences Meteorology & Climatology Applied Physics Geophysics Geology & The Lithosphere Mechanical Engineering Materials & States of Matter

Introduction, Conception and the Importance of Avalanche Research
Introduction	p. 3
Motivation	p. 3
Goals, Methods and Structure	p. 8
Goals	p. 8
Methodology	p. 9
Structure	p. 10
Necessities for Avalanche Studies	p. 14
Snow Avalanche Hazards and Fatalities	p. 15
Debris and Mud Flows, Pyroclastic Flows and Lahars	p. 17
International Scientific Activities	p. 24
A History of Avalanche Research	p. 26
Early History	p. 27
Modern History	p. 27
Granular Avalanches: Definition, Related Concepts and a Review	p. 47
The Complexity of Granular Materials	p. 47
Applications of Granular Flows	p. 48
Chemical Process Engineering	p. 48
Geophysical Flows	p. 49
Distinctive Properties of Granular Materials	p. 49
Single-phase and Multi-phase Flows	p. 50
Dilatancy	p. 51
Cohesion	p. 53
Lubrication	p. 54
Fluidisation	p. 55
Unlubricated Sliding	p. 57
Segregation, Inverse Grading and the Brazil Nut Effect	p. 60
Granular Avalanches	p. 62
Definition	p. 62
Pattern Formation by Granular Avalanches	p. 65
Snow Avalanche Regions, Formation and Dynamics	p. 72
The Home of Natural Snow Avalanches	p. 72
Topographic Conditions	p. 73
Snowpack and Weather Conditions	p. 74
Size and Speed of Snow Avalanches	p. 76
Avalanche Dynamics	p. 77
Types of Granular Avalanches	p. 79
Flow Avalanches	p. 79
Powder Avalanches	p. 80
Landslides and Avalanches on other Planets	p. 85
Fundamentals of Granular Avalanches	p. 88
Some Characteristics of Flow Avalanches	p. 88
Stress Generating Mechanisms	p. 90
Density Variations	p. 91
Constitutive Relations	p. 92
The Size Effect	p. 94
Survey on Avalanche Modelling	p. 96
A View on Some Classical Avalanche Models	p. 97
Voellmy's Pioneering Work	p. 102
Experimental Data	p. 104
Necessity for a New Model	p. 110
A Continuum Mechanical Theory for Dense Avalanches Sliding Down Non-Trivial Topographies
A Continuum Mechanical Theory for Granular Avalanches	p. 115
General Introduction	p. 115
The SH-Model, Reduced to its Essentials	p. 117
Generalisations of the Original Theory	p. 123
Generalisation with Respect to the Coordinate System	p. 123
Generalisation with Respect to the Basal Topography	p. 125
A Three-Dimensional Granular Avalanche Model	p. 130
Field Equations	p. 131
Curvilinear Coordinate System in a Vertical Plane	p. 133
The Model Equations	p. 135
Differences Between Geophysical Mass Flows and Shallow Water Equations	p. 140
Features and Limitations of the Extended Model	p. 141
Avalanches with Coulomb-Type and Viscous-Type Frictional Resistance	p. 145
Model Equations Including Voellmy Drag	p. 145
Equations for the Motion of the Centre of Mass	p. 147
Equations for the Deformation and Motion of Mass	p. 150
Avalanches with Erosion and Deposition	p. 152
Coordinate System	p. 153
Accumulation and Deposition	p. 154
The Model Equations	p. 156
Granular Flows in Rotating Drums	p. 158
Solid-Like and Fluid-Like Regions	p. 158
Coordinate System	p. 159
Governing Equations in a Solid Rotating Body	p. 160
Interfacial Conditions and Scalings	p. 161
Governing Equations in the Avalanche Region	p. 163
Summary	p. 165
Avalanches in Arbitrarily Curved and Twisted Channels	p. 167
Motivation	p. 167
The Essence of the New Theory	p. 170
General Orthogonal Coordinate System	p. 171
Non-Dimensional Equations	p. 177
Components of the Gravitational Acceleration	p. 179
Balance Equations	p. 181
Kinematic Surface Conditions	p. 183
Traction-Free Condition at the Free Surface	p. 183
The Coulomb Sliding Law at the Base	p. 184
Depth Integration	p. 185
Ordering	p. 188
Closure	p. 191
Flow Profile	p. 196
The Model Equations in Conservative Form	p. 198
Avalanche Motions Down Curved and Twisted Channels	p. 198
The Importance of the New Theory	p. 199
The Standard Form of the Differential Equations	p. 202
Characteristic Speeds and Critical Flow	p. 203
Erosion and Deposition for the Full Set of Equations	p. 204
Inclusion of Erosion and Deposition	p. 204
Functional Relation for Erosion and Deposition	p. 205
Discussion	p. 207
Summary and Embedding of Earlier Models	p. 207
The Orthogonal Complex vs. the Orthogonal General System	p. 209
Concluding Remarks and Future Outlook	p. 210
Exact and Semi-Exact Solutions of the Model Equations	p. 213
Solutions of the Model Equations	p. 213
A Complete Analytical Solution	p. 213
Particular Solutions	p. 214
Numerical Solutions	p. 214
One-Dimensional Similarity Solutions	p. 215
One-Dimensional Flow Down Inclined Planes	p. 215
Flow Over an Arbitrarily Curved and Twisted Channel	p. 224
Moderately Curved Beds	p. 226
Variable Bed Friction	p. 230
Variable Bed Friction, Curved Bed and Voellmy Drag	p. 249
Two-Dimensional Similarity Solutions	p. 253
Exact Solutions for Flow Avalanches in Rotating Drums	p. 265
A Simple Exact Solution for Steady Flow in a Rotating Drum Without Erosion and Deposition	p. 266
Coordinate System, Geometry of the Drum and the Moving Mass	p. 266
Avalanche Depth Determined Without Wall Friction	p. 267
Avalanche Depth Determined by Including Wall Friction	p. 270
An Exact Solution for Steady Flow in a Slowly Rotating Drum with Erosion and Deposition	p. 272
A Steady Flow Avalanche	p. 272
An Exact Solution	p. 273
Mixing in a Rotating Drum	p. 275
Particle Paths	p. 275
Circuit Time	p. 280
An Alternative Model Describing the Transverse Flow and Mixing of Granular Material in a Rotating Cylinder	p. 282
Model	p. 282
Experiments	p. 287
Results and Discussion	p. 289
Concluding Remarks	p. 293
Shock Capturing Numerical Methods and Simulations of Free Surface Flows of Shallow Avalanches Sliding Over Curved and Twisted Channels
Classical and High Resolution Shock-Capturing Numerical Methods	p. 297
Classical Eulerian and Lagrangean Approaches	p. 298
Eulerian Approach	p. 300
Lagrangean Approach	p. 303
Some Traditional Numerical Methods	p. 307
First-Order Schemes	p. 307
Second-Order Schemes	p. 309
Appropriate Numerical Modelling	p. 310
Modern Numerical Methods	p. 312
Total Variation Diminishing Method	p. 312
Second-Order TVD Schemes	p. 313
Cell Reconstruction with Slope Limiters	p. 318
Non-Linear Conservation Law and TVD Methods	p. 320
TVD Lax-Friedrichs Method	p. 321
Modified TVDLF Scheme	p. 322
NOC Schemes	p. 323
Alternative Numerical Schemes	p. 326
Summary	p. 328
Two-Dimensional Shock-Capturing Schemes for Avalanching Flow	p. 329
The Two-Dimensional Lagrangean Techniques	p. 329
The Two-Dimensional NOC Schemes	p. 331
Description	p. 331
Predictor Step	p. 336
Corrector Step	p. 337
Two-Dimensional Shock-Capturing Methods Applied to the Extended Avalanche Equations	p. 338
Summary	p. 341
Avalanche Simulations over Curved and Twisted Channels	p. 343
Performance of Various Numerical Schemes	p. 343
Numerical Performances	p. 344
Effects of Topographic Variations	p. 350
Constant Cross-Slope Curvature	p. 350
Variable Cross-Slope Curvature	p. 356
Superimposed Basal Topography	p. 360
Avalanches Sliding Down Curved and Twisted Channels	p. 363
Flows Through Uniformly Curved and Twisted Channels	p. 364
Avalanching Flows Through Non-Uniformly Curved and Twisted Channels	p. 365
Sensitivity to Phenomenological Parameters	p. 372
Pressure Dependence of the Friction Angles	p. 375
Mass-Dependent Bed Friction Angle	p. 378
Scale Effects Due to the Pressure Dependence of [delta]	p. 379
Formation of Shocks	p. 381
Summary	p. 385
Experimental Validation of the Theoretical Prediction with Different Measurement Techniques
Experimental Findings and a Comparison with the Theory	p. 389
Why Are Laboratory Experiments Performed? What Can be Inferred from Them?	p. 389
Chute Flow Experiments	p. 392
Experimental Set-Up	p. 392
Experimental Procedure	p. 395
Measurement of Phenomenological Coefficients	p. 399
Results	p. 403
Variable Bed Friction Angle (Position-Dependent)	p. 409
Chutes with a Convex Curved Bump	p. 411
Limitation of the Model	p. 416
Avalanche Flow Without Side Confinement	p. 417
Experimental Set-Up	p. 417
Rolled Surfaces	p. 420
Channelised Avalanche Flows	p. 425
Avalanches Across Irregular Three-Dimensional Terrain	p. 436
The Table-Top Experiments	p. 439
Further Verification of the Model Equations	p. 446
Particle Image Velocimetry for Free Surface Flow Avalanches	p. 461
Introduction	p. 461
Particle Image Velocimetry Technique	p. 462
Image Intensity Field	p. 463
Cross-Correlation Function	p. 464
Spatial Resolution	p. 466
Summary of the PIV System	p. 466
Experimental Set-Up for Granular Avalanches	p. 466
Transparent Fluids and the Usual PIV Set-Up	p. 467
Set-Up for Granular Avalanches	p. 467
Technical Details	p. 468
Experimental Peculiarities Arising for Granular Materials	p. 468
General Errors	p. 469
Particular Errors for Granular Flows	p. 469
Post-Processing and Evaluation	p. 474
PIV with Multi-Cameras	p. 475
Particle Tracking Velocimetry (PTV) Measuring Technique	p. 475
Avalanche Experiments Using the PIV Measurement Technique	p. 479
Experimental Details	p. 480
Measurement of Avalanche Depth Profiles	p. 483
Validation of the Theory	p. 484
Experiments Using Small-Cap and Quartz Particles	p. 484
The PIV Measurement and Validation of the Theory	p. 486
Evolution of the Avalanche Geometry	p. 490
Multi-CCD Cameras and Velocity Shearing	p. 490
Is There a Terminal Velocity on Inclined Planes?	p. 493
Background	p. 493
Remarks on Experimental Procedures	p. 495
Results	p. 495
Summary	p. 502
Concluding Remarks	p. 503
Avalanche Protection and Defence Structures
Protection Against Snow Avalanche Hazards	p. 507
Types of Avalanche Protection	p. 508
Avalanche Initiation and Protective Measures	p. 508
Early Efforts	p. 510
Modern Methods of Avalanche Defence and Protection	p. 510
Avalanche Protection in Different Countries	p. 514
Avalanche Protection in Switzerland	p. 514
Avalanche Protection in France	p. 515
Avalanche Protection in Iceland	p. 516
Snow Avalanche Protection in Austria	p. 518
Snow Avalanche Barriers in North America	p. 518
Laboratory Experiments: A Means to Design Defence Structures	p. 519
Laboratory Models and Experiments	p. 520
Simulation of Avalanche Protection	p. 523
A Structural Protection Technique by Deflection	p. 525
Conclusion	p. 526
Summary and Outlook	p. 529
Knowledge at Present	p. 530
Theory	p. 530
Numerics	p. 531
Experiments	p. 532
Attempts in Future	p. 534
Application in Nature	p. 534
Application in the Laboratory	p. 535
Advancing the Numerics	p. 536
More Advanced Measurement Techniques and Experiments	p. 536
References	p. 539
Name Index	p. 565
Index	p. 571
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Avalanche Dynamics : Dynamics of Rapid Flows of Dense Granular Avalanches

Dynamics of Rapid Flows of Dense Granular Avalanches

At a Glance

Hardcover

Industry Reviews

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