Atom and Individual in the Age of Newton

1. Problems and Methods of Analysis.- 2. Science and Philosophy; Newton and Leibniz.- 3. 'Absolute' and 'Relative' Space.- 4. Newton's Theory of Space and the Space Theory of Newtonianism.- 5. The Leibniz-Newton Discussion and the Leibniz-Clarke Correspondence.- One/Element and System in Classical Mechanics.- I. Newton's Justification of the Theory of Absolute Space.- 1. Absolute Motion and Absolute Space; Newton's First Presupposition.- 2. Proof of the Existence of a Vacuum; Newton's Second Presupposition.- 3. 'Density' and 'Quantity of Matter'.- 4. Proof of the Existence of Empty Space.- 5. The Essential Properties of a Particle in Empty Space; the Problem of Gravitation.- 6. Newton's Law of Inertia.- 7. A Single Particle in Empty Space; Newton's Fundamental Presupposition.- II. Leibniz's Foundations of Dynamics.- 1. Leibniz's New Measure of Force.- 2. Descartes' Error and the Limits of the Conception of Leibniz.- 3. Action motrice.- 4. Leibniz's Law of Inertia.- 5. Absolute Motion and Absolute Space.- 6. Density.- 7. Laws of Impact, Elasticity, and the Concept of a Material Body.- III. The Discussion Between Leibniz and Newton on the Concept of Science.- 1. Newton's Measure of Force and God's Intervention.- 2. Newton's Concept of Gravity and Space as the Sensorium Dei.- 3. Leibniz's Critique of the Unscientific Character of Newton's Philosophy.- 4. The Clock as a Scientific Model.- 5. Science and Unscientific Philosophy: Newton's Contradictory Views.- 6. Results.- Two/Element and System in Modern Philosophy.- IV. The Concept of Element in 17th Century Natural Philosophy.- 1. Bacon.- 2. Descartes.- 3. Newton's Critique of Descartes; Boyle's Compromise.- V. The Concept of Element in the Systematic Philosophy of Hobbes.- VI. The Concept of Element in 18th Century Social Philosophy.- 1. Jean-Jacques Rousseau.- 2. Adam Smith.- VII. The Relationship Between Natural and Social Philosophy in the Work of Newton, Rousseau, and Smith.- Three/On the Social History of the Bourgeois Concept of the Individual.- VIII. England Before the Revolution.- 1. Town, Country, and the Poor.- 2. The Politics of the Stuarts.- 3. The Church.- 4. Property and Protestantism Against Feudalism and Papism.- 5. Practical and Theoretical Struggle for Sovereignty.- IX. The Antifeudal Social Philosophy of Hobbes.- 1. Thomas Aquinas' Doctrine of Nature as a Hierarchical Organism of Unequal Elements.- 2. Thomas Aquinas' Doctrine of Society as a Hierarchical Organism of Unequal Elements.- 3. Catholic Church and Nation State in the 17th Century.- 4. Hobbes's Theory of the State as a Contract of Equal and Autarchic Individuals.- 5. Hobbes's Political Program.- 6. The Controversy with Feudal Theory and the Analytic-Synthetic Method.- X. The Rise of Civil Society in England.- 1. The Levellers.- 2. The Suppression of the Levellers.- 3. Restoration: Whigs and Tories.- 4. The Theoretical Controversies Between Whigs and Tories; Locke and Newton as Whigs.- 5. The Reign of the 'Plusmakers'.- XI. Alternative Conceptions of Civil Society.- 1. The Capitalistic Commodity Production of Independent Proprietors: Adam Smith.- 2. The Simple Commodity Production of Independent Private Proprietors: Jean-Jacques Rousseau.- XII. Civil Society and Analytic-Synthetic Method.- 1. Society as an Aggregate of Autarchic Individuals.- 2. Analysis as Determining the Properties of Single Individuals.- 3. Results.- Four/Atom and Individual.- XIII. The Bourgeois Individual and the Essential Properties of a Particle in Newton's Thought.- 1. Passivity and Activity as Essential Properties.- 2. Newton's 'Ego sum et cogito'.- 3. Freedom and Spontaneity.- 4. Will and Body; Active and Passive Principle.- 5. The System of 'Natural Freedom' in the State and in the World System.- 6. System of Philosophy.- 7. Newtonian Ideology.- XIV. Element and System in the Philosophy of Leibniz.- 1. The 'Oppressed Counsellor'.- 2. On the Social Philosophy of Leibniz.- 3. The Double Sense of Representation in Mechanics and Metaphysics.- Afterword.- Notes.- Bibliography of Works Cited.- List of Abbreviations.- Name Index.