| Introduction to ATT, IVHS, and RTI | p. 1 |
| What Is Advanced Transport Telematics? | p. 1 |
| History of ATT | p. 3 |
| Driver Information | p. 3 |
| Dynamic Driver Information | p. 3 |
| Automatic Debiting | p. 5 |
| Automated Driving | p. 6 |
| ATT Programs | p. 7 |
| ATT Applications | p. 9 |
| ATT Implementation | p. 10 |
| Structure of the Book | p. 14 |
| References | p. 15 |
| System Architecture and Communications | p. 17 |
| Introduction | p. 17 |
| System Architecture | p. 18 |
| Role of the Architect | p. 18 |
| Nonarchitectural Approach | p. 19 |
| Benefits of an Open RTI Architecture | p. 19 |
| Which Parts of an RTI System Should Be Open? | p. 20 |
| ISO ODP System Architecture Projections | p. 21 |
| Alternative Architectural Representations | p. 23 |
| Communication Systems | p. 24 |
| OSI Reference Model | p. 24 |
| Mobile Data Transfer Modes | p. 28 |
| Application of the ISO ODP Model to RTI Systems | p. 30 |
| RTI Enterprise | p. 30 |
| Information Architecture | p. 33 |
| RTI Technology Model | p. 34 |
| Dynamic Route Guidance Architecture | p. 34 |
| Communications Requirements for RTI Applications | p. 36 |
| Suitable Bearer Networks | p. 38 |
| Beacons | p. 38 |
| Downlink-Only Networks | p. 39 |
| Mobile Data Systems | p. 40 |
| Convergence of Communication Systems | p. 42 |
| Conclusions | p. 46 |
| References | p. 47 |
| Traffic Control | p. 49 |
| Introduction | p. 49 |
| Urban Traffic Control | p. 50 |
| Discrete Time Optimization | p. 51 |
| Trilevel Approach | p. 51 |
| Junction Control Systems | p. 52 |
| Network Control Systems | p. 52 |
| Highway Control | p. 55 |
| Incident Detection and Congestion Monitoring | p. 55 |
| Ramp Metering | p. 57 |
| Variable-Message Signs | p. 58 |
| Integration With Dynamic Route Guidance | p. 59 |
| Integration With Public Transport | p. 62 |
| Conclusions | p. 63 |
| References | p. 63 |
| Cooperative Transport with EURO-SCOUT | |
| Dynamic Guidance by Individual Information and Linkage with Other Services | p. 65 |
| Dynamic Route Guidance over Time-Optimized Routes | p. 65 |
| Dynamic Alternative (Modal Split): PandR and Public Transport | p. 67 |
| Trip Planning--Future Service | p. 70 |
| Dynamic Parking Management | p. 70 |
| Urban Goods Transport (Fleet Management) | p. 70 |
| Hazard Reports | p. 71 |
| Tourist Information | p. 71 |
| Collective Information | p. 71 |
| Variable-Message Signs | p. 71 |
| Traffic-Signal Installations | p. 72 |
| Methods, Advantages, and Problems of Integration | p. 73 |
| Areas of Cooperation | p. 73 |
| Database Integration | p. 73 |
| Extraurban and Urban Traffic | p. 75 |
| Road Traffic and Public Transport | p. 75 |
| Regional and Local Authorities and Service Companies | p. 76 |
| Munich Cooperative Transport Management | p. 76 |
| POLIS Initiative | p. 76 |
| Status of the Project | p. 76 |
| Financing Model | p. 76 |
| Conclusion | p. 78 |
| References | p. 78 |
| DRIVE and the ATT Program | p. 79 |
| ATT in Europe | p. 79 |
| What Conditions Have Stimulated ATT in Europe? | p. 79 |
| What Conditions Have Deterred ATT in Europe? | p. 80 |
| Where Has the Initiative for ATT Come from In Europe? | p. 81 |
| Importance of Public-Private Interplay for the Implementation of ATT Systems | p. 82 |
| What Are the Most Useful Steps to Derive Social Benefit from ATT in Europe? | p. 85 |
| Validation of RandD Results Through Pilot Projects | p. 86 |
| Preparation of the Infrastructure | p. 92 |
| Common Key Actions | p. 93 |
| Acknowledgements | p. 97 |
| References | p. 97 |
| SOCRATES | p. 99 |
| Introduction | p. 99 |
| Basic SOCRATES Principles and Applications | p. 100 |
| The SOCRATES Project in the First DRIVE Program | p. 104 |
| Traffic Modeling and Traffic Management | p. 105 |
| Communications | p. 106 |
| System Design | p. 106 |
| In-Vehicle Equipment | p. 106 |
| Test Site | p. 106 |
| The Four SOCRATES Projects in the DRIVE II Program | p. 109 |
| SOCRATES Kernel Project | p. 109 |
| SOCRATES Pilot Projects | p. 110 |
| Partners in the SOCRATES Projects | p. 111 |
| Applications in the Pilot Projects | p. 111 |
| Some Major Areas of SOCRATES Technical Development | p. 113 |
| Communications Protocols | p. 113 |
| Application Centers | p. 113 |
| Communication System Modeling | p. 114 |
| Application Coding | p. 114 |
| Location Coding | p. 114 |
| Dynamic Route Planning | p. 114 |
| Man-Machine Interface (MMI) | p. 115 |
| DRIVE Normalized Transmission (DNT) | p. 115 |
| SOCRATES Proposal for a GSM General Packet Radio Service | p. 115 |
| Assessment of the Pilot Projects | p. 116 |
| SOCRATES Commercial Activities | p. 117 |
| References | p. 118 |
| Automatic Toll Collection for Pricing the Use of Road Space--Using Microwave Communications Technology | p. 119 |
| Introduction and Background | p. 119 |
| Overview | p. 119 |
| The Automation of Toll Collection | p. 120 |
| The PAMELA Project | p. 121 |
| Objectives of the PAMELA Project | p. 121 |
| Automatic Charging | p. 122 |
| Anonymity of the Transaction | p. 124 |
| An Outline of the PAMELA System | p. 125 |
| System Requirements | p. 125 |
| Description of the System | p. 125 |
| Field Trials of the PAMELA System | p. 132 |
| Paris-Normandie Autoroute | p. 132 |
| Car Parking Management and Debiting in Lisbon | p. 134 |
| Multilane Experiments in Sweden | p. 134 |
| Future of the PAMELA System: the ADEPT Project | p. 137 |
| Objectives of the ADEPT Project | p. 137 |
| Technical Approach of the ADEPT Project | p. 137 |
| Issues | p. 139 |
| Different Approaches to Demand Management Through Pricing | p. 139 |
| Integration With Other RTI Applications | p. 141 |
| Conclusions | p. 143 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 143 |
| References | p. 143 |
| Major DRIVE/ATT Pilot Projects | p. 145 |
| Introduction | p. 145 |
| Structure of ATT Pilot Projects | p. 145 |
| Regional and Urban Projects | p. 148 |
| LLAMD Euro-Project | p. 148 |
| QUARTET Project | p. 153 |
| Corridor (Interurban) Projects | p. 155 |
| CITRA | p. 155 |
| Melyssa | p. 156 |
| Coordination and Expectations | p. 157 |
| Select Bibliography | p. 158 |
| Prometheus | p. 159 |
| Overview | p. 159 |
| Introduction and Project Summary | p. 159 |
| Road Transport in Europe--Situation and Projections | p. 160 |
| System Approach | p. 162 |
| PROMETHEUS Feasibility Studies | p. 164 |
| System Architecture and Introductory Strategy | p. 168 |
| Acknowlegments | p. 173 |
| The Intelligent Vehicle--a Means of Safe Driving | p. 173 |
| Introduction | p. 173 |
| Goals and Potential Pitfalls | p. 174 |
| Vision Enhancement | p. 179 |
| Proper Vehicle Operation | p. 182 |
| Collision Avoidance | p. 189 |
| Common Research Areas | p. 191 |
| Conclusion | p. 195 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 196 |
| Cooperative Driving Objectives | p. 196 |
| Application Specifications | p. 197 |
| Common European Demonstrators | p. 200 |
| Future Developments | p. 205 |
| Communication Systems | p. 206 |
| Introduction of Cooperative Driving Systems on the Market | p. 207 |
| Dual-Mode Route Guidance | p. 209 |
| Introduction | p. 209 |
| Need for Route Guidance | p. 209 |
| Autonomous and Infrastructure-Based Route Guidance Systems | p. 211 |
| Dual-Mode Route Guidance Systems | p. 215 |
| Demonstrations of Feasibility | p. 217 |
| Future Work and Implementations | p. 220 |
| Conclusions | p. 220 |
| References | p. 221 |
| IVHS America: A Public-Private Partnership | p. 223 |
| Introduction | p. 223 |
| Background | p. 223 |
| IVHS Functional Areas | p. 225 |
| Advanced Traffic Management Systems (ATMS) | p. 226 |
| Advanced Travel Information Systems (ATIS) | p. 226 |
| Advanced Vehicle Control Systems (AVCS) | p. 226 |
| Commercial Vehicle Operations | p. 227 |
| Advanced Public Transportation Systems | p. 227 |
| Current Status | p. 227 |
| The Strategic Plan for IVHS in the United States | p. 233 |
| Goals | p. 233 |
| Magnitude and Sources of Funding | p. 233 |
| Challenges to IVHS Deployment | p. 234 |
| Roles and Responsibilities of the Participants | p. 235 |
| Course of Action | p. 238 |
| IVHS America | p. 238 |
| IVHS America Mission | p. 239 |
| IVHS America Organization | p. 239 |
| Federal Advisory Committee | p. 241 |
| IVHS America Activities | p. 242 |
| Conclusion | p. 244 |
| Select Bibliography | p. 245 |
| ADVANCE--The Illinois Dynamic Navigation and Route Guidance Demonstration Program | p. 247 |
| Introduction | p. 247 |
| Objectives | p. 248 |
| System Design | p. 249 |
| Overview of Configuration | p. 249 |
| Mobile Navigation Assistant | p. 252 |
| RF Communications Network | p. 256 |
| Traffic Information Center | p. 257 |
| Traffic-Related Functions | p. 258 |
| Design of the Demonstration | p. 261 |
| Location of the Test Area | p. 261 |
| Probe Requirements | p. 263 |
| Driver Recruitment | p. 263 |
| Implementation and Evaluation | p. 268 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 269 |
| References | p. 269 |
| The Michigan Initiative | p. 271 |
| Introduction | p. 271 |
| The University of Michigan IVHS Program | p. 272 |
| Overview | p. 272 |
| Planning and Development | p. 273 |
| Education | p. 274 |
| Basic Research | p. 274 |
| Applied Research | p. 276 |
| The MDOT IVHS Program | p. 277 |
| Metropolitan IVHS Program | p. 277 |
| Expansion of Detroit's Existing Advanced Traffic Management System | p. 278 |
| DIRECT | p. 278 |
| MTC to Roadside | p. 279 |
| Roadside to Motorists | p. 279 |
| Oakland County's FAST-TRAC | p. 281 |
| MDOT/FTA Project | p. 282 |
| Advantage I-75 | p. 283 |
| International Border Crossing Study | p. 284 |
| Metropolitan Detroit Incident Management Coordination Efforts | p. 284 |
| National Incident Management Conference | p. 284 |
| Other Interests | p. 285 |
| MDOT's Transportation Systems Operation Paradigm | p. 285 |
| Conclusion | p. 286 |
| References | p. 286 |
| Overview of Japanese Development and Future Issues | p. 289 |
| Introduction | p. 289 |
| Roadside Information and Traffic Measurement Systems | p. 290 |
| Facilities in Urban Networks | p. 291 |
| Facilities in Expressways | p. 292 |
| Reaction of Drivers to Travel Time and Graphic Information Board | p. 293 |
| In-Vehicle Information Systems | p. 295 |
| Basic Configuration of Japanese Systems | p. 295 |
| Classification of the Use of Mobile Communications | p. 296 |
| Some Aspects of Human-Machine Interface | p. 300 |
| Questionnaire Surveys in CACS | p. 300 |
| Evaluation of Navigation System | p. 301 |
| General Framework for Analysis and Design | p. 302 |
| Future Issues of RandD | p. 304 |
| Route Guidance System | p. 304 |
| Current RandD Programs | p. 307 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 310 |
| Need for Comprehensive Study on Human-Machine Interface Problems | p. 310 |
| System Engineering Approach to Computer Network Design of Route Guidance System | p. 310 |
| International Collaboration and Standardization | p. 311 |
| Social Acceptance of Information and IVHS in the U.S. | p. 312 |
| References | p. 313 |
| RACS and VICS | p. 315 |
| RACS--Road-Automobile Communication Systems (RACS) | p. 315 |
| Preface | p. 315 |
| Development of RACS | p. 315 |
| Outline of RACS | p. 318 |
| Future Outlook | p. 325 |
| Latest Movement of VICS--Vehicle Information and Communication System | p. 326 |
| Introduction | p. 326 |
| Objectives of the VICS Promotion Council | p. 327 |
| Road Traffic Information in VICS | p. 327 |
| Outline of the Organization of the VICS Promotion Council | p. 327 |
| Current Activities of the Steering, Commerce, and Research Committees | p. 328 |
| Conclusion | p. 330 |
| Select Bibliography | p. 330 |
| Onboard Equipment | p. 331 |
| Dynamic Route Guidance | p. 331 |
| A Brief History of Navigation Systems | p. 334 |
| Configuration of Onboard Equipment | p. 336 |
| Map Matching | p. 336 |
| Sensors | p. 338 |
| Digital Map | p. 342 |
| CDCRAFT | p. 344 |
| Communication Media | p. 345 |
| Future Development | p. 346 |
| References | p. 348 |
| Glossary | p. 351 |
| About the Authors | p. 357 |
| Index | p. 367 |
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