| Preface | p. ix |
| Academic' science | p. 1 |
| Different aspects of science | p. 1 |
| The chain of discovery | p. 2 |
| 'Internal' and 'external' sociologies of science | p. 3 |
| Three dimensions of 'academic' science | p. 6 |
| Academic science as 'public knowledge' | p. 9 |
| Research | p. 13 |
| Scientific knowledge | p. 13 |
| Description | p. 14 |
| Generality | p. 15 |
| Patterns of fact | p. 16 |
| Investigation | p. 18 |
| Instrumentation | p. 19 |
| Measurement | p. 20 |
| Experiment | p. 22 |
| Scientific laws | p. 23 |
| Explanation | p. 24 |
| Cause and effect | p. 25 |
| Models | p. 26 |
| Theory | p. 28 |
| Hypotheses | p. 29 |
| Problem-solving and the growth of knowledge | p. 31 |
| Validity | p. 34 |
| Epistemology | p. 34 |
| Empiricism | p. 35 |
| Phenomena and sense-data | p. 37 |
| The problem of induction | p. 40 |
| Inference | p. 41 |
| Prediction | p. 43 |
| The hypothetico-deductive method | p. 46 |
| Established knowledge | p. 48 |
| Does science describe reality? | p. 52 |
| Regulative principles of scientific work | p. 55 |
| Communication | p. 58 |
| The archival literature of science | p. 58 |
| Linkage by citation | p. 60 |
| What does a scientific paper say? | p. 61 |
| How do scientific papers get published? | p. 62 |
| Selection by peer review | p. 64 |
| The accreditation process | p. 65 |
| 'Informal' communication between scientists | p. 67 |
| Authority | p. 70 |
| Recognition | p. 70 |
| Exchange of gifts--or competition? | p. 72 |
| Specialization | p. 74 |
| Invisible colleges | p. 75 |
| Stratification | p. 76 |
| Functions and dysfunctions of authority | p. 78 |
| Rules and norms | p. 81 |
| Behaving as a scientist | p. 81 |
| The Mertonian norms | p. 84 |
| An ethos of academic science | p. 86 |
| Does academic science have an ideology? | p. 87 |
| Change | p. 91 |
| Cognitive change | p. 91 |
| Institutional change | p. 93 |
| Change by revolution | p. 94 |
| The historical structure of scientific revolutions | p. 96 |
| The sociodynamics of scientific life | p. 99 |
| The sociology of scientific knowledge | p. 102 |
| Science and the sociology of knowledge | p. 102 |
| Epistemological relativism | p. 103 |
| The 'strong programme' in the sociology of knowledge | p. 105 |
| Science as a social enterprise | p. 106 |
| Establishing a consensus | p. 108 |
| Sociological epistemology | p. 109 |
| Science and technology | p. 112 |
| Science as an instrument | p. 112 |
| Science-based technology | p. 113 |
| Technology-based sciences | p. 114 |
| Scientific technique | p. 114 |
| Science or technology | p. 115 |
| Science from technology? | p. 116 |
| 'S and T' | p. 118 |
| Pure and applied science | p. 121 |
| 'R and D' in 'S and T' | p. 121 |
| Growth | p. 123 |
| Amateurism and state patronage | p. 123 |
| The rise of academic science | p. 124 |
| The external relations of academic science | p. 126 |
| Industrial science | p. 127 |
| Pure science--and its applications | p. 129 |
| Collectivized science | p. 132 |
| Societal demand | p. 132 |
| Apparatus | p. 134 |
| Sophistication and aggregation | p. 136 |
| Collaboration | p. 137 |
| The collectivization of science | p. 138 |
| R and D organizations | p. 140 |
| Science as an instrument of policy | p. 140 |
| The spectrum of relevance | p. 141 |
| The philosophy and methods of R and D | p. 143 |
| The management of R and D | p. 144 |
| The internal sociology of collectivized science | p. 145 |
| The economics of research | p. 149 |
| Costing the benefits | p. 149 |
| Macroeconomics of R and D | p. 150 |
| The sources of invention | p. 152 |
| The microeconomics of research | p. 154 |
| Economic incentives for R and D | p. 156 |
| Science and the State | p. 159 |
| Government support for science | p. 159 |
| The politics of science | p. 160 |
| Criteria for choice | p. 161 |
| The dilemma of patronage | p. 164 |
| The limits of control | p. 166 |
| Science in government | p. 169 |
| The scientist in society | p. 173 |
| Towards a social psychology of science | p. 173 |
| The scientist as intellectual entrepreneur | p. 174 |
| Citizen of the republic of science | p. 176 |
| The scientist as technical worker | p. 177 |
| The scientist as expert | p. 178 |
| Social responsibility in science | p. 180 |
| Science as a cultural resource | p. 183 |
| Beyond the instrumental mode | p. 183 |
| Public understanding of science | p. 184 |
| Folk science, pseudo-science and parascience | p. 185 |
| Academic scientism | p. 187 |
| Science and values | p. 190 |
| The value of science | p. 192 |
| Index | p. 195 |
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