An Engineering Approach to the Calculation of Aerodynamic Flows

Laminar, Turbulent and Transitional Boundary Layer Methods, Inviscid Methods and Stability/Transition Methods

By: Tuncer Cebeci

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Hardcover | 1 July 2009

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416 Pages

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24.13 x 16.51 x 1.91

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This book describes an engineering approach based on interactive boundary-layer and stability-transition theories, both developed by the author, for calculating aerodynamic flows. The contents include two-dimensional and three-dimensional steady and unsteady flows with and without compressibility effects. The former theory is based on the numerical solutions of the reduced Navier-Stokes equations in which Euler and boundary-layer equations are coupled with an interaction law. The latter theory is based on the linear stability theory and employs the so-called en method. The book details applications of this approach to airfoils, wings and high lift systems. It is intended for undergraduate and graduate students and practicing engineers interested in aerodynamics, hydrodynamics and modern numerical methods and computer programs for solving linear and nonlinear ordinary and parabolic partial differential equations.

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"This reviewer found Engineering Approach to the Calculation of Aerodynamic Flows a valuable addition to his library and an excellent reference on the viscous computational aerodynamics, which this reviewer will recommend to his graduate students in aerospace engineering. Practicing engineers with an interest in aerodynamic performance prediction will also benefit fom this book." (Applied Mechanics Review, 2001)

"The theoretical aspects and the mathematical formulation of all problems is clear, accurate and carefully explained in the assumptions and approximations made (...) The physical explanation of the described phenomena is very clear and correctly placed to introduce the subjects (...) The explanations are illustrated with many simple and clear figures, which support both the mathematical treatment and the physical understanding (...) An experiment to ask some students to make use of the panel program has shown that is was rather simple to use the programs by course students." (European Journal of Mechanics B, 2001)

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Interactive-Boundary-Layer Approach for Airfoils	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
General Features of Viscous Interactions on Airfoils	p. 2
Mathematical Models for the Interaction Process: Inviscid Flow	p. 5
Mathematical Models for the Interaction Process: Viscous Flow	p. 8
Transition and Its Prediction	p. 10
References	p. 12
Two-Dimensional Incompressible Flows: Inviscid Method	p. 13
Introduction	p. 13
Hess-Smith Panel Method	p. 14
Viscous Effects	p. 20
Flowfield Calculation in the Wake	p. 22
FORTRAN Program	p. 24
MAIN	p. 25
Subroutine COEF	p. 28
Subroutine OBKUTA	p. 30
Subroutine GAUSS	p. 31
Subroutine VPDIS	p. 31
Subroutine CLCM	p. 34
Subroutine VPDWK	p. 34
References	p. 36
Two-Dimensional Incompressible Flows: Boundary-Layer Method	p. 37
Introduction	p. 37
Some Turbulence Models	p. 39
k- Model	p. 40
Reynolds Stress Models	p. 42
Comments on k- and Reynolds Stress Models	p. 44
Zero-Equation Models	p. 45
Transformed Boundary-Layer Equations	p. 48
Transformed Equations: Standard Mode	p. 49
Transformed Equations: Inverse Mode	p. 50
Transformed Equations: General Form	p. 51
Numerical Method	p. 51
Numerical Formulation	p. 52
Newton's Method	p. 55
Block-Elimination Method	p. 56
Bordering Algorithm	p. 58
FORTRAN PROGRAM	p. 63
MAIN	p. 63
Subroutine INPUT	p. 67
Subroutine IVPL	p. 71
Subroutine GROWTH	p. 72
Subroutine HIC	p. 73
Subroutine EDDY	p. 75
Subroutine COEF	p. 77
Subroutine SWTCH	p. 79
Subroutine WAKEPR	p. 80
Subroutine INTEG	p. 82
Subroutine DIFF1	p. 82
Subroutine LNTP	p. 83
Subroutine AMEAN	p. 83
Subroutine BORALG	p. 84
Subroutine OUTPUT	p. 86
References	p. 87
Two-Dimensional Incompressible Flows: Transition Method	p. 89
Introduction	p. 89
eⁿ-Procedure	p. 91
Numerical Method	p. 93
Numerical Formulation	p. 94
Calculation of Dimensional Frequencies: Neutral Stability Curve	p. 97
Calculation of Transition	p. 100
Estimation of Eigenvalues	p. 100
FORTRAN Program	p. 101
MAIN	p. 102
Subroutine VELPRO	p. 104
Subroutine CSAVE	p. 105
Subroutine NEWTON	p. 110
Subroutine NEWTONI	p. 112
References	p. 114
Applications of the Calculation Method: Airfoils in Incompressible Flows	p. 115
Introduction	p. 115
Airfoilsat High Reynolds Numbers	p. 117
Accuracy of the eⁿ-Method for Flows with Separation	p. 120
Experimental Data of Gault	p. 123
Experimental Data of Cousteix and Pailhas	p. 124
Experimental Data of Hoheisel et al	p. 125
Airfoils at Low Reynolds Numbers	p. 128
Eppler Airfoil	p. 129
Liebeck Airfoils	p. 130
Airfoils at Low Mach Numbers	p. 136
Prediction of Ice Shapeson Airfoils	p. 138
Flowfield Calculation	p. 139
Particle Trajectory Calculation	p. 140
The Energy Balance and Ice Accretion	p. 141
Prediction of Ice Shapes	p. 147
Airfoils with Leading-Edge Roughness	p. 149
Results for Airfoils with Leading-Edge Roughness	p. 150
Results for Iced Airfoils	p. 151
Effect of Ice on Airfoil Stall at High Reynolds Numbers	p. 154
Multielement Airfoils	p. 156
Interaction Law	p. 156
Turbulence Model	p. 157
Solution Procedure	p. 157
Results for an Airfoil with Flap-Well	p. 158
Results for Two-Element Airfoils	p. 160
Summary	p. 165
References	p. 166
Two-Dimensional Compressible Flows	p. 169
Introduction	p. 169
Boundary-Layer Equations	p. 170
Transformed Equations: Standard Mode	p. 171
Transformed Equations: Inverse Mode	p. 172
Transformed Equations: General Form	p. 174
Numerical Method	p. 174
Numerical Formulation	p. 175
Newton's Method	p. 177
Block-Elimination Method	p. 179
Bordering Algorithm	p. 180
Subroutine SOLV5	p. 183
FORTRAN Program	p. 187
References	p. 188
Two-Dimensional Incompressible Unsteady Flows: Inviscid Method	p. 189
Introduction	p. 189
Unsteady Flow Model	p. 189
Influence Coefficients	p. 191
Solution Procedure	p. 194
Velocity Potential and Pressure Distribution	p. 197
Viscous Effects	p. 199
Fortran Program	p. 200
References	p. 200
Two-Dimensional Unsteady Incompressible Flows:Boundary-Layer Method	p. 201
Introduction	p. 201
Initial Conditions	p. 203
Transformed Equations	p. 203
Transformed Equations: Standard Mode	p. 203
Transformed Equations: Inverse Mode	p. 205
Transformed Equations: General Form	p. 205
Numerical Method: Flows without Reversal	p. 206
Numerical Method: Flows with Reversal	p. 210
Zig-Zag Box	p. 210
Characteristic Box	p. 212
References	p. 218
Application of the Calculation Method: Airfoils in Incompressible Unsteady Flows	p. 219
Introduction	p. 219
Separation and Reattachment Near the Leading Edge of a Thin Oscillating Airfoil	p. 222
Model Problem	p. 222
Initial Conditions	p. 224
The Question of Singularity on an Oscillating Airfoil	p. 227
Interaction as an Answer to the Question of Singularity	p. 233
Steady and Unsteady Airfoil Flows	p. 238
Results of Unsteady Flows	p. 242
Initiation of Dynamic Stallona Pitching Airfoil	p. 248
Summary	p. 251
References	p. 251
Three-Dimensional Incompressible Flows: Inviscid Method	p. 253
Introduction	p. 253
General Features of the Method of Solution	p. 256
Order of Input Points	p. 256
Useofa Dipole Distribution to Represent Vorticity	p. 256
Lift Carry-Over: The Extra Strip	p. 257
The Matrix of Induced Velocities	p. 258
Formation of the Panels from Input Points	p. 259
Induced-Velocity Formulas	p. 262
Form of the Surface Dipole Distribution	p. 262
Variation over a Trapezoidal Panel	p. 263
Useofa Far-Field Approximation	p. 264
Notation for the Induced Velocities	p. 265
Far-Field Formulas for the Velocity Induced by a Lifting Panel	p. 266
Near-Field Formulas for the Velocity Induced by a Lifting Panel	p. 267
The Velocity Induced by a Wake Panel	p. 269
Option for Semi-Infinite Last Wake Panel	p. 270
Assembly of Final Velocities and Solution of the Equations for the Source and Dipole Strengths	p. 271
Final Velocities	p. 271
The Kutta Condition	p. 272
Iterative Matrix Solution	p. 272
References	p. 274
Three-Dimensional Flows: Boundary-Layer Method	p. 275
Introduction	p. 275
Boundary-Layer Equations	p. 275
Initial Conditions	p. 278
Quasi-Three-Dimensional Boundary-Layer Equations	p. 278
Attachment Line Equations	p. 279
Turbulence Model	p. 280
Interaction Law	p. 281
Quasi-Three-Dimensional Hilbert Integral	p. 282
Interaction Law for Three-Dimensional Flows	p. 282
Interface Program	p. 283
Choice of the Surface Coordinate System	p. 283
Geometrie Parameters of the Coordinate System	p. 286
Calculation of Inviscid Velocity Components for Boundary-Layer Grid	p. 288
Transformed Equations	p. 289
Transformed Equations: Standard Mode	p. 289
Transformed Equations: Inverse Mode	p. 293
Solution of the Three-Dimensional Boundary-Layer Equations: Standard Mode	p. 294
Three-Dimensional Steady Flows Without Reversal	p. 296
Three-Dimensional Steady Flows with Reversal	p. 302
Solution of the Three-Dimensional Boundary-Layer Equations: Inverse Mode	p. 305
Numerical Formulation of the Three-Dimensional Boundary-Layer Equations with the Zig-Zag Scheine	p. 306
Numerical Formulation of the Quasi-Three-Dimensional Boundary-Layer Equations	p. 310
Modelling of Viscous Effects in Three-Dimensional Inviscid Flows	p. 311
Boundary-Layer Equations for Restricted Three-Dimensional Flows	p. 313
Boundary-Layer Equations with Infinite-Swept-Wing Approximation	p. 313
External Velocity Distribution for Infinite Swept Wings	p. 315
Boundary-Layer Equations with Conical Flow Approximation	p. 316
References	p. 323
Three-Dimensional Flows: Transition Method	p. 325
Introduction	p. 325
Eigenvalue Formulations for Three-Dimensional Flows	p. 326
Numerical Method for Incompressible Flows	p. 329
Calculation of Dimensional Frequencies: The Zarf	p. 329
Calculation of Transition	p. 332
Estimation of Eigenvalues	p. 333
Numerical Method for Compressible Flows	p. 333
References	p. 337
Applications of the Calculation Method to Three-Dimensional Subsonic and Transonic Flows	p. 339
Introduction	p. 339
Accuracy of the eⁿ-Method for Three-Dimensional Flows	p. 339
Incompressible Flows	p. 340
Compressible Flows	p. 344
Effect of Curvature on Transition	p. 348
Incompressible Linear Stability Equations with Curvature Terms	p. 350
Effects of Sweep Angle and Reynolds Numberon Transition with Curvature Effect Included in the Stability Equations	p. 351
Subsonic Flows: Wing Alone	p. 355
SAAB Wing	p. 358
RAE Wing	p. 361
Subsonic Flows: Multielement Wings	p. 369
Wing-Flap Configurations	p. 370
Slat-Wing-Flap Configurations	p. 371
Summary	p. 373
Prediction of the Aerodynamic Performance Degradation of an Aircraft in Natural Icing Conditions	p. 373
Prediction of Ice Shapes on Wings	p. 373
Effect of Icing Conditions on Lift and Drag Coefficients	p. 378
Summary	p. 380
Transonic Flows	p. 381
ONERA-M6 Wing	p. 385
Douglas Wing/Fuselage Configuration	p. 386
Calculation of Particle Trajectories	p. 387
References	p. 390
Subject Index	p. 393
Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved.

An Engineering Approach to the Calculation of Aerodynamic Flows

Laminar, Turbulent and Transitional Boundary Layer Methods, Inviscid Methods and Stability/Transition Methods

At a Glance

Hardcover

Industry Reviews

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