Advances in Solar Energy Technology

1 Solar Heating of Buildings: Active Systems.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 History of Solar Houses.- 1.3 Building form and function.- 1.4 Conventional space heating systems.- 1.5 General aspects of solar active heating of buildings.- 1.6 Components of solar heating system.- 1.6.1 The solar heat collector.- 1.6.2 The thermal storage system.- 1.6.3 Auxiliary heat supply system.- 1.6.4 Control systems.- 1.7 Three ways of solar space heating.- 1.7.1 Solar air systems.- 1.7.2 Solar liquid systems.- 1.7.3 Solar heat pump systems.- 1.8 Solar heating practical systems.- 1.8.1 The MIT Solar House.- 1.8.2 The Colorado Solar House.- 1.8.3 The Thomason House.- 1.8.4 Colorado State University Solar House, CSU Solar House I.- 1.8.5 Lorriman Solar House.- 1.8.6 Colorado State University Solar House, CSU Solar House II.- 1.8.7 Mobile modular solar house.- 1.8.8 National Security and Resources Study Centre (NSRSC).- 1.8.9 Solarhaus Freiburg.- 1.9 Prediction of heating loads.- 1.10 Sizing of active solar space heating systems.- 1.11 Simulation of solar heating systems.- 1.12 Economics of solar space heating system.- References.- 2 Solar Energy for Industrial Process Heat.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Industrial Energy Use.- 2.3 Solar Collector Technology.- 2.4 Solar Thermal Energy Storage Technology.- 2.5 Industrial Process Heat (IPH) system.- 2.5.1 Hot Water Industrial Process Heat system.- > 2.5.2 Hot Air Industrial Process Heat system.- 2.5.3 Steam industrial process heat system.- 2.6 Examples of Solar Process Heat Systems.- 2.6.1 Shallow solar pond water heaters.- 2.6.2 Solar beer pasteurizer plant at Adelaide, Australia.- 2.6.3 Solar Laundry plant, Meitetsu Cleaning Company, Japan.- 2.6.4 Solar drying plant at Gold Kist, Inc. at Decatur, Alabama, USA.- 2.7 Problems with SIPH Systems.- 2.8 A design method for SIPH systems.- References.- 3 Solar Furnaces.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 History of solar furnaces.- 3.3 Type of solar furnaces.- 3.4 Theoretical considerations in a solar furnace.- 3.5 Components of solar furnace.- 3.5.1 Concentrator.- 3.5.2 Heliostat.- 3.5.3 Sun Tracking.- 3.6 Typical solar furnace designs.- 3.6.1 Single concentrator furnace.- 3.6.2 Single heliostat solar furnace.- 3.6.3 Multiple heliostats solar furnace.- 3.7 Measuring instruments in solar furnace.- 3.7.1 Measurement of heat flux.- 3.7.2 Heat flux regulation.- 3.7.3 Measurement of temperature.- 3.7.4 Measurement of emissivity.- 3.7.5 Measurement of electrical conductivity.- 3.7.6 Measurement of thermal expansion.- 3.7.7 Ablation studies.- 3.7.8 Thermal diffusivity measurement.- 3.7.9 Measurement of specific heat.- 3.7.10 Measurements in controlled atmosphere.- 3.8 Studies on material properties using solar furnace.- 3.8.1 Crystal growth.- 3.8.2 Phase-change studies.- 3.8.3 Other applications.- References.- 4 Solar Thermo-Mechanical Power.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 History of Solar Thermal Power.- 4.3 Principles of solar engines.- 4.4 Ideal working fluid.- 4.5 Limitations of solar mechanical power conversion.- 4.6 Rankine cycle characteristics.- 4.7 Solar heat engines.- 4.7.1 Steam engines.- 4.7.2 Turbines.- 4.7.3 Stirling engines.- 4.7.4 Brayton engines.- 4.8 Solar Power plants.- 4.8.1 Coolidge 150 KWe power plant.- 4.8.2 Solar thermal electric generation plant of 500 KWe at Almeria, Spain.- 4.8.3 The White Cliffs (Australia) solar power station.- 4.8.4 Central receiver electric plant of 1 MWe capacity (EURELIOS).- 4.8.5 Carrisa plain solar photovoltaic power plant.- References.- 5 Solar Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Carnot refrigeration cycle.- 5.3 Absorption refrigeration.- 5.3.1 History.- 5.3.2 Principle of absorption cooling.- 5.3.3 Basics of absorption cooling.- 5.3.4 Water-lithium bromide absorption system.- 5.3.5 The aqua-ammonia absorption system.- 5.3.6 Intermittent absorption refrigeration system.- 5.3.7 Arkla 3-ton absorption chiller.- 5.3.8 Yazaki absorption chiller.- 5.3.9 Hitachi solar powered absorption airconditioner.- 5.4 Desiccant Cooling.- 5.5 Vapour compression refrigeration.- 5.5.1 History.- 5.5.2 Principle of vapor compression cycle.- 5.5.3 Refrigerants.- 5.5.4 Typical designs.- 5.5.5 Solar cells operated vapour compression cooling system.- 5.6 Passive cooling.- 5.6.1 Shading.- 5.6.2 Ventilation.- 5.6.3 Evaporation.- 5.6.4 Radiation cooling.- 5.6.5 Ground coupling.- 5.6.6 Dehumidification.- References.- 6 Passive Solar House Heating.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 History.- 6.3 Types of passive systems.- 6.3.1 Direct gain.- 6.3.2 Thermal storage wall.- 6.3.3 Attached greenhouse (sun space).- 6.3.4 Thermal storage roof.- 6.3.5 Convective loop.- 6.4 Typical passive heating buildings.- 6.4.1 Direct gain installation.- 6.4.2 Thermal storage wall (Trombe Wall) Installation.- 6.4.3 Thermal storage wall (drum wall) Installation.- 6.4.4 Attached greenhouse installation.- 6.4.5 Thermal storage roof installation.- 6.4.6 Convective loop installation.- 6.5 Critical parameters for design of passive heating systems.- 6.5.1 Direct gain system.- 6.5.2 Thermal storage wall system.- 6.5.3 Attached greenhouse system.- 6.5.4 Thermal storage roof system.- 6.5.5 Convective loop system.- 6.6 Passive system performance prediction.- 6.6.1 Degree-Day method.- 6.6.2 Steady state method.- 6.6.2.1 Thermal mass wall.- 6.6.2.2 Water wall.- 6.6.2.3 Attached sun space.- 6.6.3 Solar Load ratio (SLR)design method.- 6.6.4 The Un-utilizability design method.- 6.6.5 The admittance design method.- 6.6.6 The periodic method.- 6.6.7 PASOLE computer program.- References.- Author index.