Advanced Chemical Methods for Soil and Clay Minerals Research

1. Mossbauer Spectroscopy.- 1-1. Introduction to the Mossbauer Effect.- 1-2. Basic Principles of Mossbauer Spectroscopy.- 1-3. Instrumentation and Experimental Procedures.- 1-4. Application of Mossbauer Spectroscopy to the Study of Silicate Minerals.- 1-5. The Study of Mineral Alteration Reactions.- 1-6. Iron Oxides and their Characterization in Soils.- 1-7. Critical Assessment of the Potential of Mossbauer Spectroscopy, and its Application to Nuclei Other than Iron.- References.- 2. Neutron Scattering Methods of Investigating Clay Systems.- 2-1. Introduction.- 2-2. Elementary Neutron Scattering Theory.- 2-3. Neutron Scattering Instrumentation and Methods.- 2-4. Applications of Neutron Spectroscopy to Studies of Clay Minerals.- Appendix 2-1. Macroscopic Cross Section for a Montmorillonite-Water System.- Appendix 2-2. Calculation of Incoherent Scattering Intensity Ratios for a Clay-Water System.- References.- 3. Introduction to X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy.- 3-1. Introduction.- 3-2. Trend of XPS Spectra.- 3-3. Instrumentation.- 3-4. Peak Position.- 3-5. Explored Depth.- 3-6. Peak Intensity.- 3-7. Overview of Methods of Characterization of Solids Based on X-ray, Electron and Ion Beams.- References.- 4. Application of X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy to the Study of Mineral Surface Chemistry.- 4-1. Uniqueness of XPS for the Investigation of Mineral Surface Phenomena - Probing Depth.- 4-2. Sample Handling Techniques.- 4-3. Analytical Applications.- 4-4. Electron Take-Off (Grazing) Angle Analysis Applications.- 4-5. Qualitative Bonding Investigations.- 4-6. Summary.- References.- 5. The Application of NMR to the Study of Clay Minerals.- 5-1. Introduction: Fundamentals of NMR.- 5-2. The Bloch Equations.- 5-3. Line Shape.- 5-4. Relaxation Mechanisms.- 5-5. Review of Some Problems: Order and Disorder in Adsorbed Water Molecules.- References.- 6. Distribution of Ions in the Octahedral Sheet of Micas.- 6-1. Introduction.- 6-2. Influence of the Fe2+ Ions.- 6-3. H+ Spectra of Phlogopites.- 6-4. H+ Spectra of Biotites.- 6-5. F? Spectra.- 6-6. Correlation with I.R. Results.- References.- 7. General Theory and Experimental Aspects of Electron Spin Resonance.- 7-1. Introduction.- 7-2. G-Factor Tensor.- 7-3. Hyperfine Interaction.- 7-4. Analysis of ESR Spectra.- 7-5. Fine Structure.- 7-6. Summary.- Appendix 7-1.- Appendix 7-2.- Appendix 7-3.- References.- 8. Applications of ESR Spectroscopy to Inorganic-Clay Systems.- 8-1. Introduction.- 8-2. Surface-Bound Metal Ions.- 8- 3. Framework Paramagnetic Centers.- References.- 9. Application of Spin Probes to ESR Studies of Organic-Clay Systems.- 9- 1. Nitroxide Spin Probes - Origin of the ESR Spectrum.- 9-2. Nitroxides in Low-Viscosity Media - Rapid Isotropic Motion.- 9-3. Nitroxides in High-Viscosity Media.- 9-4. Nitroxides Adsorbed on Clay Surfaces.- 9-5. Experimental Considerations in Using Nitroxide Spin Probes.- References.- 10. Applications of Photoacoustic Spectroscopy to the Study of Soils and Clay Minerals.- 10-1. Introduction.- 10-2. Instrumentation.- 10-3. Results.- 10-4. Conclusions.- References.