| Preface | p. xiii |
| ECM Overview | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| History | p. 1 |
| Component Requirements | p. 3 |
| ECM Receiver Requirements | p. 4 |
| System Requirements | p. 5 |
| Electronic Warfare | p. 6 |
| Electronic Support Measures (ESM) | p. 6 |
| Electronic Counter-counter Measures (ECCM) | p. 7 |
| Electronic Counter Measures (ECM) | p. 8 |
| Radar Environment | p. 8 |
| Early Warning Radars | p. 8 |
| Height Finding Radars | p. 8 |
| Acquistion Radars | p. 10 |
| Fire Control Radars | p. 11 |
| Terminal Guidance Radars | p. 11 |
| Missile Fuze | p. 12 |
| Communication | p. 12 |
| Radar Concepts | p. 12 |
| Range Measurement | p. 12 |
| Angle Measurement | p. 13 |
| Range Rate Measurement | p. 14 |
| Angular Rate Measurement | p. 14 |
| Electronic Countermeasures Response | p. 14 |
| Early Warning Radar | p. 15 |
| Acquistion Radar | p. 16 |
| Fire Control Radar | p. 16 |
| Terminal Guidance Radars | p. 17 |
| Fuze | p. 18 |
| Summary | p. 18 |
| ECM Principles | p. 21 |
| Introduction | p. 21 |
| Reflected Signal Power Level | p. 22 |
| Power Received at the Radar from a Constant Power Transmitter | p. 30 |
| Jamming-to-Signal Ratio (J/S) | p. 32 |
| Burn-through Range | p. 32 |
| Jammer Power Required | p. 34 |
| Power Dilution due to Jamming Bandwidth | p. 35 |
| Jammer Located at Different Range from Target | p. 35 |
| Jammer Located at Different Angle from Target | p. 37 |
| Constant Power versus Constant Gain Systems | p. 38 |
| Repeater--Constant Gain System | p. 38 |
| Transponder--Constant Power System | p. 38 |
| Noise--Constant Power System | p. 41 |
| Constant Gain System Calculations | p. 41 |
| Limiting Value of a Constant Gain System | p. 43 |
| Effect of Pulse Compression | p. 44 |
| Pulse Compression Using Frequency Modulation | p. 45 |
| Pulse Compression Using Phase Modulation | p. 46 |
| Low Probability of Intercept (LPI) | p. 47 |
| Summary | p. 48 |
| References | p. 49 |
| Search Radar Range Countermeasures | p. 51 |
| Introduction | p. 51 |
| Radar Range Measurement | p. 52 |
| Pulse Radars | p. 53 |
| FM/CW Radars | p. 60 |
| Pulsed Doppler Radars | p. 63 |
| Radar Range ECM | p. 71 |
| Target Cover | p. 72 |
| Target Confusion | p. 75 |
| Velocity ECM | p. 78 |
| Electronic Counter-Countermeasures (ECCM) | p. 81 |
| Carrier Frequency Agile Radars | p. 81 |
| PRF Agile Radars | p. 82 |
| Multiple Radar Capability | p. 82 |
| Noise | p. 83 |
| Multiple False Targets | p. 83 |
| Doppler Radar Jamming | p. 84 |
| Summary | p. 85 |
| References | p. 86 |
| Search Radar Angle Countermeasures | p. 87 |
| Introduction | p. 87 |
| Search Radar Angle Measurement | p. 87 |
| Angle Measurement ECM | p. 91 |
| ERP Required | p. 91 |
| Constant Power ECM Transmitter | p. 92 |
| Inverse Power Programming | p. 93 |
| Doppler Radars | p. 96 |
| Electronic Counter-Countermeasures | p. 99 |
| Introduction | p. 99 |
| Electronically Steerable Antennas | p. 104 |
| Angle ECM Multiple Radar Compatibility | p. 104 |
| Inverse Power Programming | p. 104 |
| Cross-Polarization | p. 105 |
| Range, Doppler and Angle ECM Compatibility | p. 105 |
| Summary | p. 107 |
| Tracking Radar Range Countermeasures | p. 109 |
| Introduction | p. 109 |
| Tracking Radar Range Measurement | p. 111 |
| Pulse Range Tracking | p. 111 |
| Pulse Range Tracking ECM | p. 113 |
| Leading-Edge Tracking | p. 119 |
| Pulsed Doppler Range Tracking | p. 120 |
| Radar Doppler Tracking | p. 122 |
| Doppler Tracking ECM | p. 123 |
| Electronic Counter-Countermeasures | p. 127 |
| Range Gate Pull-off ECCM | p. 127 |
| Velocity Gate Pull-off ECCM | p. 129 |
| Multiple Radar Compatibility | p. 130 |
| Range Gate Pull-off | p. 131 |
| Velocity Gate Pull-off | p. 131 |
| Compatibility Between RGPO and VGPO | p. 131 |
| Summary | p. 132 |
| Tracking Radar Angle Countermeasures | p. 133 |
| Introduction | p. 133 |
| Sequential Lobing Tracking Radars | p. 134 |
| ECM versus Sequential Lobing Radars | p. 138 |
| Swept Square Wave ECM | p. 142 |
| J/S Required | p. 144 |
| Monopulse Tracking Radars | p. 144 |
| Introduction | p. 144 |
| Amplitude Monopulse Tracking Radar | p. 145 |
| Phase Monopulse Tracking Radar | p. 146 |
| Cross-Polarization ECM | p. 148 |
| Cross-Eye | p. 151 |
| J/S Requirement for the Monopulse Techniques | p. 152 |
| Other ECM Techniques | p. 152 |
| Introduction | p. 152 |
| Data Rate Reduction--Sequential Lobing Radars | p. 152 |
| Data Rate Reduction--Monopulse Radars | p. 154 |
| Ground Bounce | p. 155 |
| Expendable Electronic Decoy | p. 156 |
| Track-While-Scan (TWS) Radars | p. 156 |
| Introduction | p. 156 |
| Sequential Scanning TWS Radars | p. 157 |
| TWS Radars Using Electronically Steerable Antennas | p. 160 |
| Downlink ECM | p. 162 |
| Summary | p. 164 |
| Other Radars | p. 165 |
| Introduction | p. 165 |
| Interceptor Guidance Radars | p. 165 |
| Missile Fuze | p. 168 |
| Synthetic Aperture Radars (SAR) | p. 171 |
| Resource Management in ECM Systems | p. 177 |
| Introduction | p. 177 |
| Power Sharing | p. 177 |
| Resource Management | p. 178 |
| Resource Management of Responses | p. 179 |
| Resource Sharing in Frequency | p. 179 |
| Resource Sharing in Time | p. 180 |
| Resource Sharing in Space | p. 182 |
| Resource Sharing in Polarization | p. 183 |
| Receiver Requirements for Resource Management | p. 183 |
| Signal Processing | p. 185 |
| Signal Processing Data Flow | p. 185 |
| Summary | p. 188 |
| Radar-ECM Challenges | p. 191 |
| Introduction | p. 191 |
| Radar Developments | p. 192 |
| ECM Developments | p. 195 |
| Future Radar--ECM Advancements | p. 197 |
| Introduction | p. 197 |
| Radar Advancements | p. 197 |
| ECM Advancements | p. 200 |
| Summary | p. 201 |
| Use of the Decibel | p. 203 |
| Introduction | p. 203 |
| Graphing | p. 204 |
| Decibel Determination | p. 206 |
| Conversion from Value to Decibels | p. 208 |
| Converting Decibels to Ratio | p. 209 |
| Who Sees Whom First? | p. 211 |
| Problem | p. 211 |
| Approach | p. 211 |
| Conclusions | p. 212 |
| Example | p. 213 |
| Summary | p. 215 |
| Range Ambiguity Resolution in Pulsed Doppler Radars | p. 217 |
| General | p. 217 |
| Two-PRF Case | p. 218 |
| Range Calculation | p. 218 |
| Effect of Multiple Targets | p. 224 |
| Three-PRF Case | p. 228 |
| Range Calculation | p. 228 |
| Effect of Multiple Targets | p. 232 |
| References | p. 237 |
| Bibliography | p. 239 |
| Index | p. 243 |
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