| Preface | p. xi |
| List of Figures | p. xiii |
| List of Tables | p. xvii |
| Symbols and Abbreviations | p. xix |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Medical Ultrasound Imaging and Contrast Agents | p. 1 |
| Underwater Acoustics and Bubbles | p. 3 |
| Scope of this Book | p. 4 |
| Medical Applications | p. 4 |
| Ethical Aspects | p. 5 |
| Overview of the Book | p. 5 |
| The Bubble as a Linear Oscillator | p. 7 |
| Some Comments Regarding Scale and Dimensions | p. 7 |
| Rayleigh-scatter | p. 8 |
| The Bubble as an Oscillator | p. 11 |
| Equation of Motion for the Bubble | p. 19 |
| Scatter and Absorption | p. 22 |
| Attenuation | p. 27 |
| Speed of Sound in a Bubbly Liquid | p. 29 |
| Gas Bubble in a Shell | p. 36 |
| Nonlinear Bubble Theory | p. 43 |
| Nonlinear Acoustics in Diagnostic Ultrasound | p. 43 |
| Nonlinearity in Liquids with and without Bubbles | p. 44 |
| Linear and Nonlinear Systems | p. 45 |
| Bubble Detection Based on Nonlinear Acoustics | p. 47 |
| Equations of Motion for the Liquid | p. 49 |
| Incompressible Liquid: The Rayleigh-Plesset Equation | p. 54 |
| Linear Propagation I: Trilling Model | p. 58 |
| Linear Propagation II: Keller-Miksis Model | p. 62 |
| Comparison between the Liquid Models | p. 66 |
| Viscous Damping in the Liquid | p. 68 |
| Incompressible Liquid | p. 69 |
| Compressible Liquid: Acoustic Approximation | p. 69 |
| Pressure Difference across a Spherical Shell | p. 70 |
| Shell Elasticity | p. 71 |
| Comments and Alternative Shell Models | p. 74 |
| Shell Viscosity | p. 76 |
| Summary: Tension across the Shell | p. 78 |
| Pressure in the Gas | p. 79 |
| Boundary Condition: Pressure at the Bubble Surface | p. 80 |
| Equations in Dimensionless Variables | p. 81 |
| Pressure at the Bubble Surface | p. 82 |
| Rayleigh-Plesset Model | p. 83 |
| Trilling Model | p. 84 |
| Keller-Miksis Model | p. 85 |
| Modified Rayleigh-Plesset Model | p. 86 |
| Reconstitution of Dimensional Variables | p. 87 |
| Measurement Systems | p. 89 |
| Acoustic Attenuation | p. 89 |
| Measurement of Attenuation Spectra | p. 89 |
| Sensitivity to Hydrostatic Pressure | p. 95 |
| Acoustic Backscatter | p. 100 |
| Estimation of Shell Material Properties | p. 105 |
| Composition of the Microbubbles | p. 105 |
| Theory | p. 106 |
| Church's Model for Albunex: Comparison with the Models of Chapter 3 | p. 106 |
| Linearization | p. 108 |
| Acoustic Attenuation and Scatter | p. 110 |
| Thermal and Acoustic Damping | p. 110 |
| Results | p. 110 |
| Size Distribution | p. 110 |
| Acoustic Attenuation Spectra | p. 111 |
| Estimation of Shell Parameters | p. 112 |
| Some Calculations Based on the Results | p. 114 |
| Damping Constants | p. 114 |
| Microbubble Stiffness | p. 114 |
| Resonance Frequency and Scattering Cross Section | p. 118 |
| Discussion | p. 118 |
| Shell Thickness | p. 118 |
| Summary | p. 119 |
| Comparison Between Contrast Agents | p. 121 |
| Properties of the Three Agents | p. 121 |
| Size Distributions | p. 122 |
| Acoustic Attenuation Spectra | p. 122 |
| Estimates for Shell Material Properties | p. 125 |
| Albunex | p. 126 |
| Sonazoid | p. 126 |
| Sensitivity to Hydrostatic Pressure | p. 128 |
| Polymeric Microbubbes | p. 128 |
| Sonazoid | p. 129 |
| Velocity Dispersion | p. 129 |
| Calculation of Phase Velocity | p. 129 |
| Measured Dispersion | p. 132 |
| Theoretical Calculations Based on the Results | p. 135 |
| Resonance Frequency and Bulk Modulus | p. 135 |
| Scattering Cross Section | p. 138 |
| Damping Constants | p. 138 |
| Summary: Comparison between the Agents | p. 138 |
| Scatter at Higher Harmonics | p. 143 |
| Experimental Setup | p. 143 |
| Transmit Pulses | p. 145 |
| Receiver Characteristics | p. 147 |
| Results | p. 148 |
| Received Spectra | p. 148 |
| Simulated Spectra | p. 150 |
| Simulated Bubble Radius and Bubble Destruction | p. 150 |
| Discussion | p. 153 |
| Conclusion | p. 154 |
| Simulations of Nonlinear Bubble Response | p. 157 |
| Implementation of Nonlinear Bubble Models | p. 157 |
| Simulation Parameters | p. 160 |
| Pulse Inversion | p. 160 |
| Results of Simulations | p. 161 |
| Summary and Comments | p. 173 |
| Subharmonic Oscillations | p. 174 |
| Simulations of Subharmonic Response | p. 174 |
| Comments and Relation to Earlier Results | p. 183 |
| Pulse Responses | p. 184 |
| Difference between Pulse and CW Responses | p. 187 |
| Summary and Conclusions | p. 197 |
| References | p. 199 |
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