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A Descriptive Grammar of Nepali and an Analyzed Corpus

By: Jayaraj Acharya

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Paperback | 1 July 1991

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A Descriptive Grammar of Nepali uses the theoretical framework developed by K.L. Pike.

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Non-Fiction Language & Linguistics Reference, Dictionaries & Guides Linguistics Language Learning & Teaching Language Teaching & Learning Material & Coursework Grammar, Vocabulary & Pronunciation

Preface	p. xi
List of abbreviations	p. xii
Grammar
Introduction	p. 1
The Nepali language	p. 1
The name Nepali	p. 1
Nepali as an Indo-European language	p. 2
Nepali and other languages of Nepal	p. 4
Geographical distribution of Nepali	p. 4
Dialects of Nepali	p. 6
Nepali and Hinduism	p. 7
Previous descriptions of Nepali	p. 7
Teaching materials	p. 7
Grammars	p. 8
Dictionaries	p. 9
The purpose and scope of this study	p. 10
Corpus	p. 11
Transcription	p. 12
Motivation of this description	p. 13
The sound system
Segmental Phonemes	p. 14
Introduction	p. 14
Phones, phonemes, and allophones	p. 14
Segmental vs. suprasegmental phonemes	p. 14
Inventory of the principal consonantal and vowel sounds of Nepali	p. 15
Symbols employed in the phonetic and phonemic transcription	p. 15
Listing of the phonemes	p. 16
Consonant sounds	p. 16
Definition and classification	p. 16
Supplementary sets of minimal pairs	p. 19
Variants of Nepali consonant phonemes	p. 25
Positional variants	p. 25
Deletion of aspiration	p. 26
Deletion of voicing	p. 26
Nasalization	p. 26
Minor variations	p. 26
Distribution of Nepali consonants	p. 27
Vowel sounds	p. 30
Definition and classification	p. 30
Supplementary sets of minimal pairs	p. 31
Variants of Nepali vowel phonemes	p. 31
The pronunciation of orthographic word-initial consonant clusters	p. 32
The pronunciation of long consonants vs. geminates	p. 33
Gemination as a result of assimilation	p. 34
Sandhi without gemination	p. 35
Suprasegmentals in Nepali	p. 36
Introduction	p. 36
Inventory of Nepali segmental phonemes	p. 36
Syllable and syllable structure in Nepali	p. 37
Light vs. heavy syllables	p. 38
Light and heavy syllables in Nepali	p. 41
Phonotactics	p. 42
Consonantal phonemes in syllable-initial position	p. 42
Consonantal phonemes in intervocalic position	p. 42
Consonantal honemes in syllable-coda position	p. 42
Phonetic stress: Its definition and function of stress in Nepali	p. 42
Stress and stress placement in Nepali	p. 43
Stress rules in Nepali	p. 43
Regular phonetic stress	p. 43
Nepali phonetic stress rule-1 (NSR-1)	p. 43
Nepali phonetic stress rule-2 (NSR-2)	p. 44
Compound words phonetic stress rule (CWSR)	p. 45
Phrase phonetic stress rule (PSR)	p. 46
Sentence phonetic stress rule (SSR)	p. 46
Emphatic functional phonemic stress (ES) for extra semantic emphasis	p. 46
Emphatic phonemic stress (ES) on free forms	p. 47
Emphatic stress (ES) on suffixes	p. 47
Emphatic stress (ES) and vowel lengthening	p. 47
Emphatic stress (ES) and vowel shortening	p. 48
Pitch	p. 50
Juncture	p. 50
Types of juncture	p. 51
Minimal pairs for open juncture (+) vs. close juncture (unmarked)	p. 51
Rhythm	p. 53
Pause	p. 53
Intonation	p. 55
The grammatical role of intonation	p. 55
The intonation of statement and imperative statements	p. 55
The intonation of ho/hoina questions	p. 56
The intonation of K-questions	p. 56
The communicative role of intonation	p. 57
The lengthening of high pitch vowel	p. 57
The lengthening of low pitch vowel	p. 59
The lengthening of mid-level pitch vowel	p. 60
The writing system
From phoneme to grapheme and grapheme to phoneme	p. 62
Introduction	p. 62
From phoneme to grapheme	p. 63
Vowels	p. 64
Free forms of vowels	p. 64
Conjunct forms of vowels	p. 65
Glides	p. 66
Consonants	p. 66
Free forms of consonant symbols	p. 66
Conjunct forms of consonant symbols	p. 67
Regular conjunct forms of the consonant symbols	p. 67
Irregular conjunct forms of the consonant symbols	p. 69
Additional symbols: bindu, anusvar and visarga	p. 70
Bindu	p. 70
Anusvar	p. 70
Visarga	p. 70
From grapheme to phoneme	p. 72
Vowels	p. 72
Glides	p. 72
Consonants	p. 72
Pronunciation of consonants without the viram stroke	p. 72
Voiced aspirates	p. 73
Pronunciation of the symbols [characters not reproducible]	p. 73
The special consonant conjunct graphemes	p. 74
The pronunciation of orthographic word-initial CC clusters	p. 74
The symbol [characters not reproducible]	p. 74
Numeral	p. 75
Punctuation marks	p. 75
The form classes
The inflected and uninflected forms	p. 77
Introduction	p. 77
Nouns	p. 77
Adjectives	p. 79
Verbs	p. 80
Adverbs	p. 82
Pronouns	p. 83
Coordinating conjunctions	p. 84
Subordinating conjunctions	p. 84
Postpositions	p. 85
Interjections	p. 85
Vocatives	p. 85
Nuance particles	p. 86
Prefixes and suffixes	p. 86
Substitute forms	p. 87
Introduction	p. 87
The major substitute forms	p. 87
The K-form substitutes or interrogatives	p. 87
The K-form classes	p. 87
The distribution of K-forms	p. 88
The J-form substitutes	p. 89
The J-form classes	p. 89
The distribution of J-form classes	p. 89
The D-form substitutes or demonstratives	p. 90
The D-form classes	p. 91
The distribution of D-form classes	p. 92
Numerals	p. 93
Notes for Chapter 6	p. 97
Nominal structures
The common noun phrase	p. 98
Internal structure of the common-noun phrase	p. 98
Common nouns as heads	p. 98
Gender of nouns	p. 99
Determiners in the CNP	p. 100
Demonstratives	p. 100
Limiters	p. 100
Quantifiers (numbers) and classifiers	p. 100
CNPs functioning as quantifying determiner	p. 101
Modifiers in he CNP	p. 101
Nouns or nominals as modifiers in CNP	p. 101
Adjectives or adjective phrases as modifiers	p. 102
Clauses as modifiers	p. 102
The proper noun phrase	p. 103
Internal structure of the proper-noun phrase (PNP)	p. 103
Person names as heads	p. 104
Place names as heads	p. 105
Notes for Chapter 8	p. 105
The pronoun phrase	p. 106
Internal structure of the pronoun phrase (ProP)	p. 106
Pronouns as heads	p. 106
Modifiers in the pronoun phrase	p. 109
Notes for Chapter 9	p. 109
Dependent nominals functioning as modifiers in larger nominals	p. 110
Introduction	p. 110
Characterizing modifiers	p. 110
Appositive modifiers: Double-headed constructions	p. 111
Genitive modifiers	p. 112
Delimiting modifiers	p. 116
Adjectival structures
The adjective phrase	p. 118
Internal structure of the adjective phrase (AdjP)	p. 118
Adjectives as heads	p. 119
Quantifiers in the AdjP	p. 120
Adverbs of quantity	p. 120
Comparative quantifier phrases	p. 121
Comparatives with bhanda 'than'	p. 121
Comparative adjective phrase with jhan 'the more'	p. 121
Superlative quantifier phrases	p. 121
Elative superlative quantifier	p. 122
Dependent adjectivals functioning as modifiers within CNPs	p. 123
Introduction	p. 123
The imperfect participle -ne as modifier	p. 124
The perfect participle -eko as modifier	p. 125
Adverbial structures
The adverb phrase	p. 127
Internal structure of the adverb phrase (AdvP)	p. 127
Simple adverbs	p. 127
Derived adverbs	p. 127
Adverbs ending in -ari 'doing'	p. 127
Adverbs ending in -sath 'with'	p. 128
Adverbs ending in -purvaka	p. 128
Nonderived adverbs	p. 128
Interrogatives, relaters, and demonstratives	p. 129
Compound adverbials	p. 130
The adverbial postpositional noun phrase	p. 132
Introduction	p. 132
Postposition and its complements (NPs)	p. 132
Postpositions occurring with the NPs in genitive case	p. 133
Postpositions occurring with morphologically unmarked forms of the NPs	p. 133
Conjunctions: Coordinate and subordinate	p. 135
Introduction	p. 135
Coordinating conjunctions	p. 135
Subordinating conjunctions	p. 138
Interjection, vocatives, and nuance particles	p. 141
Introduction	p. 141
Interjections	p. 141
Vocatives	p. 141
Nuance particles	p. 142
Phrasal nuance particles	p. 143
Statement nuance particles	p. 144
Imperative statement nuance particles	p. 144
Declarative statement nuance particles	p. 144
Question statement nuance particles	p. 144
Notes for Chapter 16	p. 146
Verbal structures
The verb phrase	p. 147
Internal structure of the verb phrase (VP)	p. 147
Verbs as heads	p. 148
Auxiliary verbs in the VP	p. 149
The negative verb forms	p. 149
The negative prefix na-	p. 149
The negative suffix -na-	p. 150
Verbs which require the obligatory fronting of the dative complement	p. 150
Modifiers in the VP	p. 150
Notes for Chapter 17	p. 151
Clausal structures
The clause: A general overview	p. 158
Internal structure of the clause (Cl)	p. 158
Verbals as predicates	p. 158
Subjects in the clause	p. 159
Complements in the clause	p. 159
Transitive verbs and their complements	p. 160
Transitive-1 verbs (tv-1)	p. 160
Transitive-2 verbs (tv-2)	p. 161
Transitive-3 verbs (tv-3)	p. 161
Transitive-4 verbs (tv-4)	p. 162
Equational verbs and their complements	p. 162
The identifcational hunu 'be'	p. 162
The existential hunu 'be'	p. 163
The equational verbs-2 dekhinu and lagnu	p. 163
Intransitive verbs and their complements	p. 163
Intransitive-1 verbs (iv-1)	p. 164
Intransitive-2 verbs (iv-2)	p. 164
Intransitive-3 verbs (iv-3)	p. 164
Subject-predicate linking by person-number-gender-honorific level inflection	p. 164
Optional adverbial adjuncts	p. 164
Other optional elements	p. 165
Adverbial disjuncts (AD)	p. 166
Exclamations	p. 166
Connectors	p. 166
The subjects	p. 167
Notes for Chapter 18	p. 167
Special types of clauses	p. 169
Introduction	p. 169
Passive clauses	p. 169
Imperative clauses	p. 170
Question clauses	p. 170
K-question clauses	p. 170
Holhoina-question clauses	p. 170
Ho/hoina-question with question intonation	p. 170
Ho/hoina question with the tag hagi	p. 170
Finite dependent clauses: Nominal, adjectival and adverbial	p. 171
Introduction	p. 171
Finite dependent noun clause	p. 171
Finite dependent adjective clause	p. 171
Finite dependent adverbial clause with bhane 'if', kinaki or kinabhane 'because'	p. 172
Nonfinite dependent clauses: Infinitive, participial and conditional	p. 173
Introduction	p. 173
Nonfinite dependent noun clause with a verb in infinite form	p. 173
Nonfinite dependent adverbial clause as adverbial adjunct	p. 173
Nonfinite dependent adverbial clause with a verb phrase in conditional form	p. 174
Note for Chapter 21	p. 176
Dependent clauses in expression of comparison	p. 177
Introduction	p. 177
Comparisons of inequality	p. 177
Symmetrical comparisons	p. 177
Asymmetrical comparisons	p. 179
Comparisons of equality	p. 179
Sentential structures
The sentence	p. 181
The internal structure of the sentence (S)	p. 181
Clauses as segmental constituents	p. 181
The sentence as speech act	p. 182
Introduction	p. 182
Direct speech act	p. 182
Indirect speech acts	p. 183
Indirect speech acts with re, are	p. 183
Indirect speech with bhanera	p. 183
Reporting the actual speech act	p. 183
Reporting the intention	p. 184
Elliptical sentences as declarative speech acts	p. 185
Reduced sentence with elliptical subject and object	p. 185
Reduced sentences with elliptical predicate	p. 185
Notes for Chapter 24	p. 186
References	p. 187
Analyzed corpus
Naso: Text in Devanagari script	p. 191
Naso: 'Ward': Literal English translation	p. 197
Naso: The roman transliteration of the Devanagari text	p. 205
Naso: Clause structure analysis	p. 213
Naso: Phrase structures (sorted)	p. 309
Naso: Lexicon in order of occurrence	p. 316
Naso: Lexicon in alphabetical order	p. 357
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved.

A Descriptive Grammar of Nepali and an Analyzed Corpus

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Paperback

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You Can Find This Book In

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