1300 187 187
This book can serve as an introduction to students interested in learning the techniques used in developing mathematical models of physical phenomenon in polymers; or it can furnish the background information to the experienced professional desiring to broaden his/her knowledge of polymers. The senior author presented material in this book to students interested in learning the fundamental mathematics underlying many areas of polymer physics and in lectures to audiences with varying backgrounds in polymer physics. Too many times, the basic equations are presented in final form from either lack of space or the assumption that the derivation is widely disseminated and does not require repetition. A wide variety of topics are covered, from the statistical physics and thermodynamics of polymers, to the optical and electrical behavior of polymers, as well as spectroscopy techniques for polymers.
| Dedication | p. v |
| Preface | p. vii |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Background | p. 1 |
| Linear Chain Molecules | p. 4 |
| Structure | p. 4 |
| Synthesis | p. 8 |
| Molecular Weight | p. 10 |
| Network Molecules | p. 15 |
| Structure | p. 15 |
| Synthesis | p. 16 |
| Molecular Weight | p. 16 |
| Rubber | p. 17 |
| Structure | p. 17 |
| Synthesis | p. 21 |
| Molecular Weight | p. 21 |
| Multicomponent Systems | p. 21 |
| Copolymers | p. 21 |
| Polyblends | p. 25 |
| Composites | p. 25 |
| Ceramers | p. 26 |
| References | p. 27 |
| Derivation of the Most Probable Distribution | p. 28 |
| Reference | p. 30 |
| Statistics of Chain Conformations | p. 31 |
| Introduction | p. 31 |
| Small Molecules | p. 31 |
| Larger Molecules, Statistical Variation of Molecular Conformations | p. 40 |
| Statistical Segment Model | p. 41 |
| Generalization to High Polymers | p. 44 |
| Polymer Chains Containing Two Kinds of Atoms | p. 45 |
| Model Chains with Restricted Rotation and No Interaction Among the [phi]'s | p. 47 |
| Rotational Isomeric State (RIS) Approximation | p. 49 |
| Chains with Interactions between [phi] Values of Neighboring Monomers | p. 51 |
| Asymmetric Barriers | p. 53 |
| Comparison with Experiment | p. 56 |
| Chain End-to-End Distribution Functions | p. 58 |
| One Dimensional Case | p. 58 |
| Extension to a Three Dimensional Chain | p. 61 |
| Extension to Non-Gaussian Case | p. 64 |
| References | p. 71 |
| Statistical Mechanics | p. 73 |
| References | p. 80 |
| Statistical Thermodynamics of an Ideal Monatomic Gas | p. 81 |
| Vector Analysis | p. 83 |
| Vector Addition | p. 83 |
| Scalar Product | p. 84 |
| Reference | p. 85 |
| Radius of Gyration | p. 86 |
| Evaluation of (a[subscript m+n] [middle dot] a[subscript m]) | p. 92 |
| Restricted Rotation with Symmetrical Barrier | p. 99 |
| Rotational Isomeric State (RIS) Approximation | p. 103 |
| Introduction | p. 103 |
| The Conformational Partition Function | p. 104 |
| Mean Square Distance | p. 106 |
| References | p. 107 |
| Random Walk of Gaussian Chains | p. 109 |
| References | p. 113 |
| Radius of Gyration, Size and Shape | p. 114 |
| Definition of | p. 114 |
| p. 115 | |
| p. 116 | |
| Determination of | p. 117 |
| Thermodynamics | p. 121 |
| Introduction | p. 121 |
| Thermodynamics of Elasticity | p. 121 |
| Force on a Chain in the Presence of Energy Contributions to Elasticity | p. 129 |
| Solution Thermodynamics | p. 134 |
| Flory-Huggins Theory | p. 134 |
| Calculation of P[subscript 2] | p. 138 |
| Entropy of Mixing | p. 140 |
| Polymer Miscibility | p. 145 |
| Spinodal Decomposition | p. 147 |
| Heat Capacity | p. 153 |
| Thermodynamics of Crystallization | p. 154 |
| Polymer Structure - Melting Point | p. 155 |
| Effect of Diluent and Impurities | p. 157 |
| Crystallization Induced by Stretching | p. 164 |
| References | p. 167 |
| Classical Thermodynamics | p. 169 |
| References | p. 175 |
| Heat of Mixing | p. 176 |
| Osmotic Pressure | p. 181 |
| Optics | p. 185 |
| Introduction | p. 185 |
| Nature of Electromagnetic Waves | p. 186 |
| Refraction | p. 187 |
| Scattering | p. 191 |
| Intensity of Light Scattering for an Isolated Atom or Molecule | p. 194 |
| Effect of the Polarization of Light | p. 195 |
| The Scattering Intensity for a Collection of Scattering Objects | p. 196 |
| Diffraction | p. 205 |
| The Reciprocal Lattice | p. 205 |
| Interpretation of the Vector Bragg Equation | p. 208 |
| The Distance Between Crystal Planes | p. 209 |
| The Diffraction Phenomenon in One Dimension | p. 211 |
| Absorption | p. 215 |
| Fluorescence | p. 216 |
| Birefringence | p. 218 |
| Scattering from Inhomogeneous Media | p. 222 |
| Quasi-elastic Light Scattering | p. 228 |
| Variation of Scattering with Electric Fields | p. 229 |
| Non-Linear Optics | p. 230 |
| Piezo-Electric Materials | p. 232 |
| Kerr Effect | p. 233 |
| References | p. 234 |
| Depolarization of Scattering | p. 236 |
| Scattering from a Collection of Molecules | p. 239 |
| The Magnitude of the Reciprocal Vector H | p. 244 |
| Orientation Fluctuations | p. 246 |
| Scattering from Concentration Fluctuations | p. 249 |
| Evaluation of ([partial differential alpha]/[partial differential]c) | p. 252 |
| Evaluation of [-([partial differential mu subscript 1]/[partial differential]c)] | p. 252 |
| Molecular Weight from Light Scattering | p. 253 |
| Dealing with Large Molecules | p. 255 |
| Extensions to Other Kinds of Radiation | p. 256 |
| Extensions to Concentrated Solution and Bulk Polymers | p. 257 |
| Effect of Anisotropy and Orientation | p. 257 |
| Why Concentration Fluctuations Relate to Molecular Weight | p. 257 |
| How to Measure the Size of an Elephant | p. 258 |
| Another Way of Looking At It - | p. 260 |
| Electrical Properties | p. 263 |
| Introduction | p. 263 |
| Dielectrics | p. 264 |
| Dielectric Constant | p. 264 |
| Orientation of permanent dipoles | p. 269 |
| Dielectric Loss | p. 269 |
| Piezo- and Pyroelectric Effects | p. 272 |
| Piezo-Electric Coefficient | p. 274 |
| References | p. 276 |
| Lines of Flux | p. 278 |
| Electrical Field Strength | p. 278 |
| Electric displacement and Flux Density | p. 278 |
| The Electrostatic Potential (Voltage) | p. 280 |
| The Field between Parallel Plates | p. 280 |
| Lorentz Calculation, Internal Field Correction | p. 282 |
| Spectroscopy | p. 285 |
| Introduction | p. 285 |
| General Background | p. 286 |
| Infrared | p. 288 |
| Raman | p. 295 |
| Ultraviolet and Visible | p. 299 |
| Nuclear Magnetic Resonance | p. 300 |
| Neutron Inelastic Scattering (NIS) | p. 301 |
| References | p. 303 |
| Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) | p. 305 |
| References | p. 307 |
| Normal Coordinate Analysis | p. 308 |
| References | p. 312 |
| Spectrographic Notation | p. 313 |
| The Rubbery State | p. 314 |
| Introduction | p. 314 |
| Force - Extension Relation for Rubbers | p. 316 |
| Simple Case | p. 316 |
| Consideration of Network Crosslinks | p. 318 |
| Affine Transformation | p. 322 |
| Uniaxial Stretching at Constant Volume | p. 329 |
| Biaxial Stretching at Constant Volume | p. 331 |
| Application to the Inflation of a Balloon | p. 333 |
| Network Defects - The Relationship between N[subscript C] and v | p. 334 |
| Effect of Swelling on an Isotropic Network | p. 336 |
| Elastic Properties of Swollen Rubber | p. 339 |
| Elasticity of a Sample That is Swollen When Crosslinked | p. 341 |
| Elasticity of Rubbers at Small Extensions | p. 343 |
| Guth-Smallwood Equations | p. 347 |
| References | p. 348 |
| Evaluation of Equation 7.30 | p. 350 |
| The Crystalline State | p. 352 |
| Introduction | p. 352 |
| Evidence for Crystallinity | p. 354 |
| X-Ray Diffraction | p. 354 |
| Electron Microscopical Observations | p. 358 |
| Optical Microscopy | p. 359 |
| Thermodynamic Transitions | p. 360 |
| Determination of Degree of Crystalline | p. 361 |
| Density Measurements | p. 361 |
| X-Ray Diffraction | p. 364 |
| Infrared (IR) and Raman | p. 365 |
| Wide Line Nuclear Magnetic Resonance | p. 366 |
| Thermal Measurements | p. 368 |
| Morphology | p. 369 |
| Electron Microscope | p. 369 |
| The observed pyramidal structure | p. 369 |
| Moire Patterns | p. 370 |
| Density | p. 370 |
| nmr | p. 371 |
| X-ray diffraction | p. 371 |
| Kinetics | p. 371 |
| Optical Microscopy | p. 372 |
| Liquid Crystals | p. 373 |
| Mechanisms of Crystallization | p. 375 |
| Nucleation and Growth | p. 375 |
| Kinetics of Crystallization | p. 376 |
| Temperature Dependence of the Nucleation Rate | p. 376 |
| Nucleation and Growth | p. 379 |
| Experimental Determination of n and k | p. 384 |
| Slope-Intercept Method | p. 384 |
| Half-life Method | p. 385 |
| Temperature Dependence of the Rate of Homogeneous Crystallization | p. 386 |
| References | p. 387 |
| Glossary of Symbols Arranged by Chapters | p. 389 |
| Chapter 1 | p. 389 |
| Chapter 2 | p. 389 |
| Chapter 3 | p. 392 |
| Chapter 4 | p. 396 |
| Chapter 5 | p. 398 |
| Chapter 7 | p. 402 |
| Chapter 8 | p. 403 |
| Index | p. 407 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
ISBN: 9781860944116
ISBN-10: 1860944116
Audience:
Professional
Format:
Hardcover
Language:
English
Number Of Pages: 414
Published: 1st May 2006
Dimensions (cm): 23.4 x 16.0
x 2.5
Weight (kg): 0.753
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