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In fact, with the control and containment of most infectious conditions and diseases of the past millennium having been achieved in most developed countries, and with the resultant increase in life expectancies, much more attention seems to have shifted to degenerative health problems. Many of the degenerative health conditions have been linked to thousands of chemicals regularly encountered in human living and occupational/work environments. It is important, therefore, that human health risk assessments are undertaken on a consistent basis - in order to determine the potential impacts of the target chemicals on public health.
| Preface | p. xiii |
| Acknowledgements | p. xv |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Coming to Terms with the Several Chemicals in Modern Society | p. 2 |
| The Nature of Chemical Hazards and Human Response from Exposure to Chemical Substances | p. 7 |
| Classification of Chemical Toxicity | p. 8 |
| Factors Influencing Chemical Toxicity to Humans and Human Response to Chemical Toxicants | p. 9 |
| Distribution and Storage of Toxicants in the Human Body | p. 10 |
| Scope of Chemical Hazard Problems: Lead Exposures as an Example | p. 11 |
| 'The Dose Makes the Poison'--So, What Dose is Safe Enough? | p. 15 |
| Managing the Chemical Exposure Problem: The Need for Public Health Risk Assessment | p. 16 |
| Suggested Further Reading | p. 18 |
| Human Exposure to Chemicals | p. 19 |
| An Overview of Human Contact Sites and Target Organs Most Susceptible to Chemical Exposures | p. 19 |
| Fundamentals of Human Physiology | p. 20 |
| Target Organ Toxicity | p. 24 |
| General Types of Human Exposures | p. 25 |
| The Nature of Chemical Exposure Problems | p. 29 |
| Human Exposures to Airborne Chemical Toxicants | p. 30 |
| Water Pollution Problems and Human Exposures to Chemicals in Water | p. 31 |
| Contaminated Soil Problems and Human Exposures to Chemicals on Land | p. 32 |
| Human Exposures to Chemicals in Foods | p. 33 |
| Public Health and Socio-Economic Implications of Chemical Exposure Problems | p. 34 |
| The General Nature of Human Health Effects from Chemical Exposures | p. 38 |
| Assessing Public Health Risks | p. 40 |
| Suggested Further Reading | p. 41 |
| Principles and Concepts in Risk Assessment | p. 43 |
| Fundamental Principles of Chemical Hazard, Exposure, and Risk Assessments | p. 43 |
| The Nature of Chemical Hazard, Exposure, and Risk | p. 44 |
| Basis for Measuring Risks | p. 46 |
| What is Risk Assessment? | p. 48 |
| The Nature of Risk Assessments | p. 49 |
| Recognition of Uncertainty as an Integral Component of Risk Assessments | p. 50 |
| Fundamental Concepts in Risk Assessment Practice | p. 51 |
| Qualitative versus Quantitative Risk Assessments | p. 51 |
| Conservatisms in Risk Assessments | p. 52 |
| Individual versus Group Risks | p. 53 |
| Consideration of Risk Perception Issues | p. 54 |
| Risk Acceptability and Risk Tolerance Criteria | p. 55 |
| The de Minimis or 'Acceptable' Risk | p. 56 |
| General Attributes of Risk Assessment | p. 57 |
| The Purpose | p. 58 |
| The Attributes | p. 59 |
| Risk Assessment versus Risk Management | p. 60 |
| Risk Assessment as a Diagnostic Tool | p. 61 |
| Baseline Risk Assessments | p. 62 |
| Comparative Risk Assessments | p. 62 |
| Public Health Risk Assessments | p. 64 |
| Risk Assessment Implementation Strategy | p. 67 |
| Risk Assessment as an Holistic Tool for Environmental and Public Health Management | p. 68 |
| Suggested Further Reading | p. 69 |
| Principal Elements of a Public Health Risk Assessment for Chemical Exposure Problems | p. 71 |
| Characterization of Chemical Exposure Problems | p. 71 |
| Factors Affecting Exposure Characterization | p. 72 |
| The Risk Assessment Process | p. 73 |
| Hazard Identification and Accounting | p. 74 |
| Exposure-Response Evaluation | p. 75 |
| Exposure Assessment and Analysis | p. 76 |
| Risk Characterization and Consequence Determination | p. 76 |
| General Considerations in Public Health Risk Assessments | p. 77 |
| Determining Exposure-related Health Effects | p. 78 |
| Evaluating Factors that Influence Adverse Health Outcome | p. 79 |
| Human Health Risk Assessment in Practice | p. 83 |
| Suggested Further Reading | p. 86 |
| Chemical Hazard Determination | p. 87 |
| Chemical Hazard Identification: Sources of Chemical Hazards | p. 87 |
| Data Collection and Evaluation Considerations | p. 88 |
| Data Collection and Analysis Strategies | p. 89 |
| Reporting of 'Censored" Laboratory Data | p. 90 |
| Statistical Evaluation of Chemical Sampling Data | p. 92 |
| Parametric versus Nonparametric Statistics | p. 93 |
| Statistical Evaluation of 'Non-detect' Values | p. 95 |
| Selection of Statistical Averaging Techniques | p. 95 |
| Estimating Chemical Exposure Point Concentrations from Limited Data | p. 99 |
| Determination of the Level of Chemical Hazard | p. 102 |
| Suggested Further Reading | p. 103 |
| Exposure Assessment: Analysis of Human Intake of Chemicals | p. 105 |
| Fundamental Concepts and Requirements in the Human Exposure Assessment Process | p. 105 |
| Factors Affecting Human Exposure to Chemical Hazards | p. 106 |
| Development of Human Exposure Scenarios | p. 106 |
| Chemical Intake versus Dose | p. 108 |
| Chronic versus Subchronic Exposures | p. 109 |
| Incorporating Chemical Bioavailability Adjustments into Exposure Calculations | p. 109 |
| Chemical Transformation Products in Risk Assessment: Incorporating Chemical Degradation into Exposure Calculations | p. 110 |
| Human Exposure Quantification: The Exposure Estimation Model | p. 111 |
| Potential Receptor Inhalation Exposures | p. 113 |
| Potential Receptor Ingestion Exposures | p. 116 |
| Potential Receptor Dermal Exposures | p. 121 |
| Establishing 'Exposure Intake Factors' for Use in the Computation of Chemical Intakes and Doses | p. 122 |
| Illustrative Example for Inhalation Exposures | p. 123 |
| Illustrative Example for Ingestion Exposures | p. 128 |
| Illustrative Example for Dermal Exposures | p. 129 |
| Receptor Age Adjustments to Human Exposure Factors | p. 132 |
| Spatial and Temporal Averaging of Chemical Exposure Estimates | p. 132 |
| Suggested Further Reading | p. 135 |
| Evaluation of Chemical Toxicity | p. 137 |
| Fundamental Concepts and Principles in Toxicology | p. 137 |
| Mechanisms of Toxicity | p. 138 |
| Categorization of Human Toxic Effects from Chemical Exposures: Carcinogencity vs. Non-carcinogenicity | p. 138 |
| Manifestations of Toxicity | p. 140 |
| Dose-Response Relationships | p. 141 |
| Carcinogen Classification Systems | p. 144 |
| Weight-of-Evidence Classification | p. 145 |
| Strength-of-Evidence Classification | p. 148 |
| Evaluation of Chemical Toxicity | p. 149 |
| Hazard Effects Assessment | p. 150 |
| Dose-Response Assessment and Quantification | p. 152 |
| Determination of Toxicological Parameters for Human Health Risk Assessments | p. 155 |
| Toxicity Parameters for Non-carcinogenic Effects | p. 155 |
| Toxicity Parameters for Carcinogenic Effects | p. 161 |
| The Use of Surrogate Toxicity Parameters | p. 165 |
| Mechanisms of Action and the Determination of Human Health Hazard Effects | p. 171 |
| Suggested Further Reading | p. 172 |
| Chemical Risk Characterization and Uncertainty Analyses | p. 173 |
| Fundamental Issues and Considerations Affecting the Risk Characterization Process | p. 173 |
| Corrections for 'Non-Standard' Population Groups | p. 174 |
| Adjustments for Chemical Absorption: Administered vs. Absorbed Dose | p. 176 |
| Aggregate Effects of Chemical Mixtures and Multiple Exposures | p. 177 |
| Fundamental Considerations in the Health Assessment of Carcinogens | p. 179 |
| Carcinogenic Risk Effects: Estimation of Carcinogenic Risks to Human Health | p. 183 |
| Population Excess Cancer Burden | p. 184 |
| Carcinogenic Risk Computations: Illustration of the Processes for Calculating Carcinogenic Risks | p. 186 |
| Non-cancer Risk Effects: Estimation of Non-carcinogenic Hazards to Human Health | p. 188 |
| Chronic versus Subchronic Non-carcinogenic Effects | p. 190 |
| Non-carcinogenic Hazard Computations: Illustration of the Processes for Calculating Non-carcinogenic Hazards | p. 191 |
| Risk Presentation | p. 193 |
| Graphical Presentation of the Risk Summary Information | p. 196 |
| Uncertainty and Variability Issues in Risk Assessment | p. 201 |
| Types and Nature of Variability | p. 201 |
| Types and Nature of Uncertainty | p. 202 |
| Common Sources of Uncertainty in Public Health Endangerment Assessments | p. 203 |
| The Need for Uncertainty and Variability Analyses | p. 206 |
| Characterization of Data Variability and Uncertainties | p. 206 |
| Qualitative Analysis of Uncertainties | p. 207 |
| Quantitative Analysis of Uncertainties | p. 208 |
| Presenting and Managing Uncertain Risks: The Role of Sensitivity Analyses | p. 211 |
| Suggested Further Reading | p. 212 |
| Determination of 'Acceptable' and 'Safe' Levels of Chemical Exposure | p. 213 |
| Requirements and Criteria for Establishing Risk-Based Chemical Exposure Levels | p. 213 |
| Miscellaneous Methods for Establishing Environmental Quality Goals | p. 214 |
| Assessing the Safety of Chemicals in Consumer Products | p. 217 |
| Determination of 'Tolerable' Chemical Concentrations | p. 217 |
| Determination of Risk-Based Chemical Exposure Levels | p. 218 |
| RBCELs for Carcinogenic Constituents | p. 219 |
| RBCELs for Non-carcinogenic Effects of Chemical Constituents | p. 222 |
| Establishing Risk-Based Cleanup Limits for Contaminated Lands | p. 224 |
| Soil Chemical Limits for Carcinogenic Contaminants | p. 226 |
| Soil Chemical Limits for the Non-carcinogenic Effects of Site Contaminants | p. 227 |
| Establishing Risk-Based Cleanup Limits for Contaminated Waters | p. 229 |
| Water Chemical Limits for Carcinogenic Contaminants | p. 229 |
| Water Chemical Limits for the Non-carcinogenic Effects of Site Contaminants | p. 231 |
| A 'Preferable' Health-Protective Chemical Level | p. 232 |
| The Modified RBCEL for Carcinogenic Chemicals | p. 232 |
| The Modified RBCEL for Non-carcinogenic Constituents | p. 233 |
| Incorporating Degradation Rates into the Estimation of Environmental Quality Criteria | p. 234 |
| Public Health Goals vs. Risk-Based Chemical Exposure Levels | p. 235 |
| Suggested Further Reading | p. 235 |
| Design of Public Health Risk Management Programs | p. 237 |
| Risk Assessment as a Cost-Effective Tool in the Formulation of Public Health and Environmental Management Decisions | p. 237 |
| Comparative Risk Analysis: Application of Environmental Decision Analysis Methods to Public Health Risk Management Programs | p. 239 |
| Cost-Effectiveness Analysis | p. 240 |
| Risk-Cost-Benefit Optimization | p. 240 |
| Multi-attribute Decision Analysis and Utility Theory Applications | p. 241 |
| The General Nature of Risk Management Programs | p. 245 |
| A Framework for Risk Management Programs | p. 247 |
| Risk Communication as a Facilitator of Risk Management | p. 249 |
| Designing an Effectual Risk Communication Program | p. 250 |
| The Use of Contemporary Risk Mapping Tools: GIS in Public Health Risk Management Applications | p. 251 |
| Utilization of GIS in Risk Assessment and Environmental Management Programs | p. 252 |
| The Role of GIS Applications in Environmental Management | p. 255 |
| Suggested Further Reading | p. 255 |
| The Role of Risk Assessment in Public Health Policy Decisions | p. 257 |
| General Scope of Public Health Risk Assessment Practice | p. 257 |
| Illustrative Examples of Public Health Risk Assessment in Practice | p. 258 |
| The Public Health Risk Assessment Paradigm | p. 264 |
| Suggested Further Reading | p. 272 |
| List of References and Bibliography | p. 275 |
| Glossary of Selected Terms and Definitions | p. 297 |
| Selected Tools, Chemical Exposure Models, and Chemical Databases for Public Health Risk Policy Decision-Making | p. 325 |
| Toxicity Index Parameters for Selected Chemicals | p. 337 |
| Selected Units of Measurements & Noteworthy Expressions | p. 341 |
| Index | p. 345 |
| Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved. |
ISBN: 9781402009204
ISBN-10: 1402009208
Series: Environmental Pollution
Audience:
Professional
Format:
Hardcover
Language:
English
Number Of Pages: 367
Published: 30th September 2002
Dimensions (cm): 23.5 x 15.5
x 2.2
Weight (kg): 0.698
9am - 4pm AEST, Monday - Friday
