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Vertebrate embryos develop from a single cell via a complex succession of cell divisions, movements and inductive interactions. The zebrafish, Danio rerio, emerged in recent years as an excellent system in which to study genetic underpinnings of normal human development and its pathologies. Large-scale genetic screens identified thousands of mutant variants that allow in vivo dissection of developmental processes at single cell and molecular resolution. This book provides the first comprehensive overview of zebrafish embryogenesis: formation and patterning of germ layers, gastrulation movements, and aspects of organogenesis, including formation of somites, cardiovascular system, pronephros and eyes.
| Germ Layer Formation and Early Patterning | |
| Formation and Patterning Roles of the Yolk Syncytial Layer | |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Formation of the YSL | p. 3 |
| Epibolic Movement and the YSL | p. 5 |
| Dorsal Determinants in Teleost Yolk Cell | p. 6 |
| Determinants Function in the YSL and Dorsal Blastomeres | p. 8 |
| The Role of the YSL in Mesoderm and Endoderm Formation | p. 11 |
| Localized Inducing Activities Within the YSL | p. 12 |
| Is Visceral Endoderm in Mammal Equivalent to Teleost YSL? | p. 12 |
| Searching for Genes Specifically Expressed in the YSL | p. 14 |
| Mesoderm Induction and Patterning | |
| The Origin of Mesoderm | p. 15 |
| Induction of Mesoderm by Intercellular Signals | p. 17 |
| Nodal Signaling | p. 19 |
| Dorsal-Ventral Patterning of the Mesoderm | p. 21 |
| Anterior-Posterior Patterning of the Mesoderm | p. 24 |
| Wnt Signals in Mesoderm Patterning | p. 26 |
| Future Directions | p. 27 |
| The Guts of Endoderm Formation | |
| Endoderm Formation During the Blastula Period | p. 28 |
| Location of Endodermal Progenitors | p. 28 |
| Early Topographic Map of Endodermal Organs | p. 29 |
| Organs of Ambiguity: the Hypochord and Forerunner Cells | p. 30 |
| Cell Behavior of Endodermal Progenitors | p. 31 |
| Genes Involved in Endoderm Formation | p. 31 |
| The Nodal Factors and Cofactors: Cyclops, Squint, and One-Eyed Pinhead | p. 31 |
| Nodal Versus Bmp Activity | p. 32 |
| Nodal-Independent, Oep-Dependent Cell Motility | p. 33 |
| Oep as a Component of EGF Signaling | p. 33 |
| Effectors of Nodal Signaling: Casanova, Bonnie and Clyde, and Faust | p. 34 |
| The Endodermal Phenotypes of cas, bon and fau Mutants and the Expression of These Genes in the Blastula | p. 34 |
| Cas Is Sufficient To Convert Mesoderm into Endoderm | p. 36 |
| A Molecular Pathway Leading to Endoderm Formation | p. 37 |
| Endoderm Formation During the Gastrula Period | p. 39 |
| Formation of the Endodermal Layer | p. 39 |
| Spatial Allocation of Endodermal Precursors | p. 39 |
| Genes Involved in Endoderm Formation: cas, bon, and fau Revisited | p. 41 |
| Cas May Regulate sox17 Directly | p. 42 |
| The Fox/Forkhead Transcription Factors | p. 42 |
| Other Genes Expressed in the Endoderm | p. 43 |
| Regional Expression in the Endoderm at the End of Gastrulation | p. 43 |
| Further Thoughts on Endodermal Patterning | p. 45 |
| Pharyngeal Pouch Endoderm Versus Digestive Tract Endoderm | p. 46 |
| Conclusions and Prospects | p. 47 |
| Organizer Formation and Function | |
| Introduction | p. 48 |
| Dorsal Determinants and the Maternal Wnt Signal | p. 50 |
| Dorsal Determinants | p. 50 |
| A Maternally Derived Signal Activating the Wnt Pathway | p. 51 |
| The Nieuwkoop Center and Organizer Induction | p. 54 |
| Non-cell-autonomous Induction of the Organizer | p. 54 |
| bozozok/dharma | p. 55 |
| Nodal-Related Genes, squint and cyclops | p. 57 |
| Cooperative Roles of boz/dha and sqt in the Induction of the Organizer | p. 60 |
| vega/vox/vent | p. 61 |
| Induction by the Nieuwkoop Center Versus Cell-Autonomous Establishment of the Organizer | p. 61 |
| The Organizer | p. 63 |
| Is the Embryonic Shield the Fish Organizer? | p. 63 |
| Organizer Genes | p. 64 |
| chordino, noggin1, twisted gastrulation, and ogon | p. 65 |
| dickkopf1 | p. 66 |
| Fibroblast Growth Factors | p. 66 |
| Role of the Organizer in AP Patterning | p. 67 |
| Cell Movements and the Organizer | p. 68 |
| Summary and Prospects | p. 70 |
| Dorsoventral Patterning in the Zebrafish: Bone Morphogenetic Proteins and Beyond | |
| Dorsoventral Patterning in Frog, Fish and Fly | p. 72 |
| Mutant Analyses of Vertebrate DV Regulators | p. 74 |
| Zebrafish DV Mutants | p. 75 |
| Different Phases of DV Pattern Formation | p. 79 |
| Phase 1: Establishment of the Spemann-Mangold Organizer | p. 79 |
| Phase 2: Establishment of the Morphogenetic Bmp Gradient | p. 83 |
| Phase 3: Morphogenetic Interpretation of the Gradient by Target Cells | p. 86 |
| Implications of DV Patterning on the Anteroposterior Axis | p. 90 |
| Role of Chordin and Tolloid During Ventral Tail Development | p. 91 |
| Perspectives | p. 93 |
| Specification of Left-Right Asymmetry | |
| Introduction | p. 96 |
| Mechanisms Underlying Left-Right Patterning | p. 97 |
| Breaking Symmetry | p. 97 |
| Stabilizing, Propagating and Reinforcing Left-Right Asymmetry | p. 102 |
| Transferring Left-Right Information to the Organ Precursors | p. 104 |
| Effector Programs of Left-Right Asymmetric Morphogenesis | p. 107 |
| Cardiac Left-Right Asymmetry | p. 108 |
| Asymmetry of the Zebrafish Forebrain | p. 110 |
| Summary and Future Perspectives | p. 113 |
| Gastrulation Movements | |
| Life at the Edge: Epiboly and Involution in the Zebrafish | |
| Introduction | p. 117 |
| Mid-Blastula Transition and the Beginning of Cell Motility | p. 119 |
| Epiboly | p. 120 |
| The Epiboly Mutants | p. 125 |
| Towards a Unification of Vertebrate Epiboly | p. 127 |
| Hypoblast Formation | p. 129 |
| How Do Cells Internalize at the Margin: Involution or Ingression? | p. 133 |
| Conclusions and Prospects? | p. 135 |
| Cellular and Genetic Mechanisms of Convergence and Extension | |
| Introduction | p. 136 |
| Compaction at Blastula Stages | p. 138 |
| Distinct Domains of Convergence and Extension Movements in the Zebrafish Gastrula | p. 139 |
| Cellular Behaviors Effecting Convergence and Extension Movements | p. 143 |
| Epiboly and Anteriorward Mesendoderm Migration Contribute to Convergence and Extension | p. 144 |
| Directed Migration Is a Key Cell Behavior Underlying Convergence and Extension in Lateral Regions of the Gastrula | p. 146 |
| Mediolateral Cell Intercalation Is a Key Cell Behavior Underlying Convergence and Extension in Dorsal Regions of the Gastrula | p. 147 |
| Cellular Segregation, Directed Migration and Mediolateral Intercalation Underlie Dorsal Hypoblast Formation | p. 148 |
| Molecular Genetic Basis of Convergence and Extension Movements | p. 153 |
| Wnt Planar Cell Polarity Pathway | p. 154 |
| Cell Adhesion Molecules | p. 157 |
| Slit | p. 158 |
| Eph Receptors and Ephrins | p. 158 |
| Calcium | p. 159 |
| Ethanol | p. 159 |
| Molecular Genetic Coordination of Convergence and Extension Movements with Cell Fate Specification | p. 160 |
| Spadetail | p. 160 |
| Nodal | p. 160 |
| Bone Morphogenetic Proteins | p. 161 |
| Fibroblast Growth Factor | p. 162 |
| Role of C&E Movements in Generating Embryonic Morphology | p. 163 |
| Future Directions | p. 164 |
| Primordial Germ Cell Development in Zebrafish | |
| Introduction | p. 166 |
| Specification of Germ Cells in Fish | p. 167 |
| The Premolecular Markers Era | p. 167 |
| The Molecular Markers Era | p. 169 |
| PGC Migration in Zebrafish | p. 172 |
| Maintenance of the Fate of Migrating PGCs | p. 176 |
| PGC Development in Zebrafish as Compared with That in Other Organisms | p. 178 |
| Conclusions and Future Directions | p. 179 |
| Neural Development | |
| Patterning the Zebrafish Central Nervous System | |
| Introduction | p. 181 |
| Nervous System Morphogenesis | p. 181 |
| The Spinal Cord | p. 182 |
| Bmp Signaling Establishes DV Pattern in the Spinal Cord | p. 184 |
| Hedgehog and Nodal Pathways Pattern the Ventral Spinal Cord | p. 186 |
| Delta/Notch Signaling Segregates Neural Fates Within Neural Plate Domains | p. 188 |
| Later Signals May Refine Cell Identity | p. 189 |
| The Forebrain | p. 190 |
| DV Patterning of the Zebrafish Forebrain | p. 193 |
| Formation of the Hypothalamus | p. 193 |
| Establishment of the Optic Stalks | p. 195 |
| Establishment of Ventral Telencephalic Fates | p. 197 |
| Specification of Dorsal Forebrain Fates | p. 197 |
| Left/Right Patterning in the Brain | p. 198 |
| AP Patterning of the Prospective Brain | p. 199 |
| Establishment of Early AP Pattern in the Neural Plate | p. 199 |
| Local Induction of the Telencephalon and Eyes | p. 201 |
| The Midbrain and Hindbrain | p. 202 |
| Midbrain and Hindbrain Development Starts in Gastrulation | p. 203 |
| Initial AP Subdivision of the Neural Plate | p. 205 |
| Wnt8 Signaling Positions the Midbrain and Hindbrain | p. 206 |
| Wnts and Fgfs Maintain and Pattern the Midbrain and Hindbrain | p. 206 |
| Polarization of the Midbrain | p. 207 |
| Fgf Signaling in the Rostral Hindbrain | p. 208 |
| Feedback Control of Fgf Signaling | p. 208 |
| Controlling Competence to Respond to Fgf8 Signaling | p. 209 |
| DV Patterning of the Midbrain and Isthmus | p. 210 |
| Later Steps of Patterning the Hindbrain | p. 211 |
| Dorsoventral Patterning | p. 211 |
| Forming and Maintaining Rhombomeres | p. 212 |
| Extrinsic Signals Controlling Segmentation | p. 212 |
| Secondary Modification of the Ground Plan by Neuronal Migration | p. 214 |
| Summary | p. 214 |
| Specification of the Zebrafish Neural Crest | |
| Introduction | p. 216 |
| Markers and Their Specificity | p. 217 |
| Zebrafish Neural Crest Mutants | p. 222 |
| Neural Crest Induction | p. 222 |
| Cell Fate Specification | p. 223 |
| When Does Specification Occur? | p. 225 |
| Progressive Fate Restriction | p. 226 |
| Pigment Cell Specification as a Model for Cell Fate Choice | p. 227 |
| Regional Specification | p. 231 |
| Pharyngeal Arch Specification | p. 234 |
| Summary | p. 235 |
| Neurogenesis and Specification of Neuronal Identity | |
| Introduction | p. 237 |
| Zebrafish Spinal Cord Anatomy | p. 237 |
| Roof Plate | p. 239 |
| Rohon-Beard Sensory Neurons | p. 239 |
| Interneurons | p. 239 |
| Motor Neurons | p. 240 |
| Floor Plate | p. 240 |
| Glia | p. 241 |
| Neurulation and the Early Pattern of Neurons | p. 241 |
| Regulation of Neurogenesis in the Zebrafish Neural Plate | p. 242 |
| Creating Proneuronal Domains: Regulation of ngn1 Expression | p. 244 |
| Dorsal Spinal Cord Development | p. 246 |
| Ventral Spinal Cord Development | p. 247 |
| Elaboration of Cell Fate Specification by Cell-Cell Signaling | p. 248 |
| Neuronal Specification and Transcriptional Codes | p. 249 |
| Perspectives | p. 251 |
| Cellular, Genetic and Molecular Mechanisms of Axon Guidance in the Zebrafish | |
| Introduction: Pathfinding Is Precise and Cell-Specific | p. 252 |
| Axon Pathfinding in the Hindbrain and Spinal Cord | p. 253 |
| Redundant Cues Guide Growth Cones in the Spinal Cord | p. 253 |
| Molecules That Guide Spinal and Hindbrain Growth Cones | p. 256 |
| Mutations That Affect the Development of Neural Circuits in the Hindbrain and Spinal Cord | p. 259 |
| Axonal Pathfinding by Spinal Motoneurons | p. 260 |
| Zebrafish Motor Axons Follow a Common Pathway and Then Make Divergent Choices | p. 260 |
| Molecules That Guide Motor Growth Cones | p. 261 |
| Semaphorins | p. 261 |
| GDNF | p. 262 |
| Neurolin | p. 262 |
| Mutations That Disrupt the Formation of Stereotyped Motor Projections | p. 263 |
| Diwanka Mutants | p. 263 |
| Unplugged Mutants | p. 264 |
| Stumpy Mutants | p. 264 |
| Axonal Pathfinding in the Visual System | p. 265 |
| Conclusions | p. 268 |
| Aspects of Organogenesis | |
| Somitogenesis | |
| Introduction | p. 271 |
| Generalized Overview of Somitogenesis | p. 271 |
| Morphological Aspects of Zebrafish Somitogenesis | p. 272 |
| General Anterior/Posterior Pattern and Specification of Paraxial Mesoderm | p. 273 |
| Hox Gene Expression Patterns and Overall A/P Pattern | p. 273 |
| The Origin of Somitic Cells | p. 274 |
| spadetail, a Gene Controlling Paraxial Mesoderm Formation | p. 275 |
| Establishing a Segmental Pattern | p. 276 |
| Somitic Periodicity and the Cell Cycle | p. 277 |
| Existence of a Molecular Oscillator | p. 277 |
| The Notch Pathway and Establishment of Segmental Pattern | p. 278 |
| Insights from Zebrafish | p. 280 |
| The Fused-Somite Mutant and Operation of a Wavefront | p. 281 |
| Establishment of Anterior/Posterior Somite Polarity | p. 282 |
| Formation of the Somite Boundary | p. 284 |
| Induction and Patterning the Presomitic and Somitic Mesoderm | p. 286 |
| Embryonic Myotome Formation and the Initiation of Myogenesis | p. 286 |
| Formation of the "Adaxial" Cell Compartment and Presomitic Myogenic Induction | p. 286 |
| Muscle Pioneer Cells and Myotomal Architecture | p. 288 |
| Fiber Type and Myotome Morphogenesis | p. 289 |
| Fiber Type Formation in Separate Myotomal Compartments | p. 289 |
| Myotomal Patterning Mutants and the Molecular Mechanisms Controlling Slow Muscle Cell Specification | p. 291 |
| Migratory or Hypaxial Muscle Formation in Zebrafish Embryos | p. 292 |
| Sclerotome Formation | p. 294 |
| Other Somite-Derived Cell Types | p. 295 |
| Questions for the Future | p. 296 |
| Cardiovascular System | |
| Introduction | p. 298 |
| Background in Classical Embryology: Some of the Questions | p. 299 |
| Zebrafish: a Propitious Embryo for Cardiovascular Studies | p. 300 |
| Patterning the Heart | p. 301 |
| Formation of the Myocardium in Zebrafish | p. 301 |
| Genetic Regulation of Myocardial Development in Zebrafish | p. 307 |
| Requirements for nkx2.5 Induction | p. 308 |
| Requirements for Myocardial Differentiation | p. 311 |
| Requirements for Chamber-Specific Differentiation | p. 312 |
| Requirements for Heart Tube Assembly | p. 313 |
| Pattern and Orientation to the Onset of Function | p. 314 |
| Vascular Pattern in the Zebrafish | p. 315 |
| Formation of Blood Vessels in the Zebrafish | p. 316 |
| Molecular Analysis of Blood Vessel Formation in the Zebrafish | p. 317 |
| Genetic Analysis of Blood Vessel Formation in the Zebrafish | p. 318 |
| Experimental Analysis of Vascular Form and Function: Imaging Blood Vessels In Situ | p. 320 |
| Prospects for Future Zebrafish Cardiovascular Research | p. 320 |
| The Pronephros | |
| Introduction | p. 322 |
| Variation and Evolution of the Kidney | p. 322 |
| A Brief History of the Kidney | p. 326 |
| Morphogenesis and Patterning of the Zebrafish Pronephros | p. 326 |
| Patterning of the Mesoderm and Formation of the Pronephric Primordium | p. 326 |
| Mediolateral Patterning of the Intermediate Mesoderm and Induction of the Pronephros | p. 329 |
| Development of the Pronephric Duct | p. 334 |
| Nephron Formation | p. 336 |
| Cell Interactions in the Vascularization of the Glomerulus | p. 337 |
| Summary and Perspectives | p. 344 |
| The Zebrafish Eye: Developmental and Genetic Analysis | |
| Introduction | p. 346 |
| Morphogenesis | p. 347 |
| Optic Vesicle | p. 347 |
| Eye Cup | p. 348 |
| Lens | p. 351 |
| Neurogenesis | p. 352 |
| The Fan Gradient | p. 352 |
| Ganglion Cell Layer | p. 353 |
| Inner Nuclear Layer | p. 355 |
| Outer Nuclear Layer | p. 357 |
| Prolonged Neurogenesis and Regeneration | p. 358 |
| Modulation of the Rate of Proliferation | p. 361 |
| Pulsatile Production of Neurons | p. 361 |
| Pattern and Patterning of Cellular Architecture in the Retina | p. 362 |
| Pattern of Differentiated Retina | p. 362 |
| Formation of Retinal Architecture | p. 363 |
| Terminal Differentiation of Cellular Morphology | p. 366 |
| Ganglion Cell Axogenesis | p. 366 |
| Photoreceptor Differentiation | p. 367 |
| Summary | p. 370 |
| References | p. 371 |
| Subject Index | p. 431 |
| Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved. |
ISBN: 9783540435761
ISBN-10: 354043576X
Series: Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation
Audience:
Tertiary; University or College
Format:
Hardcover
Language:
English
Number Of Pages: 455
Published: 3rd October 2002
Dimensions (cm): 23.5 x 15.4
x 2.9
Weight (kg): 0.931
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