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Currently more than one third of the world's population are infected with parasitic nematodes and infection of domestic animals remains a substantial drain on human well-being and economies. An understanding of the structure and function of genes, membrane and antigens of parasitic nematodes will help develop strategies to eliminate them or reduce their impact. This book outlines the advances made in this rapidly expanding research area.
"Anyone interested in parasitic diseases caused by nematodes, from both a research and teaching perspective, should purchase this book. Importantly, the presentation is excellent and continues the high standards of CABI Publishing. This book represents a timely and informative contribution to any parasitological library, and as stated earlier, is a most useful resource for researchers and teachers in the field."
| Contributors | p. xvii |
| Preface | p. xxi |
| Access to Colour Illustrations | p. xxiii |
| Genetics and Phylogeny | |
| Molecular Analysis of Nematode Evolution | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| The Molecular Revolution | p. 2 |
| Molecular Markers | p. 3 |
| The Structure of the Nematoda and the Origins of Parasitism | p. 4 |
| Strongylid Evolution Revealed by Three Different Genes | p. 9 |
| Resolution of Species Complexes by Molecular Phylogenetics | p. 11 |
| The Evolution of Parasitic Phenotypes | p. 13 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 18 |
| References | p. 18 |
| The Wolbachia Endosymbionts of Filarial Nematodes | p. 25 |
| Introduction | p. 25 |
| The Discovery and Rediscovery of Intracellular Symbiosis in Filarial Nematodes | p. 25 |
| Background Information on Bacterial Symbiosis in Invertebrates | p. 26 |
| Distribution of Wolbachia in Filarial Worms | p. 28 |
| Phylogeny of Wolbachia in Filarial Worms | p. 31 |
| Should Nematode Wolbachia Behave Differently from Arthropod Wolbachia? | p. 33 |
| The Wolbachia-Filaria Relationship: an Obligate Mutualism? | p. 33 |
| The Wolbachia Catalase | p. 35 |
| Genomics and Proteomics | p. 35 |
| Implications for the Pathogenesis of Filarial Diseases | p. 36 |
| Implications for Treatment | p. 37 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 38 |
| References | p. 38 |
| Forward Genetic Analysis of Plant-parasitic Nematode-Host Interactions | p. 45 |
| Introduction | p. 45 |
| Soybean Cyst Nematode Biology | p. 46 |
| Genetic Analysis of Parasitism | p. 47 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 50 |
| References | p. 50 |
| Identification of Parasitic Nematodes and Study of Genetic Variability Using PCR Approaches | p. 53 |
| Introduction | p. 53 |
| Technical Aspects and Choice of the DNA Target for PCR | p. 54 |
| Approaches to the Identification of Nematode Species and Strains | p. 58 |
| Analysis of Genetic Variability by PCR-coupled Mutation Detection Methods | p. 63 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 70 |
| Acknowledgements | p. 71 |
| References | p. 71 |
| Diversity in Populations of Parasitic Nematodes and its Significance | p. 83 |
| Introduction | p. 83 |
| A Developmental Choice for Strongyloides ratti | p. 83 |
| Diversity in Developmental Route | p. 85 |
| Artificial Selection for Developmental Route | p. 86 |
| The Environment and Developmental Route | p. 87 |
| Phenotypic Plasticity in Response to Temperature | p. 87 |
| The Molecular Basis of Variation in Sensitivity | p. 89 |
| Developmental Route and Host Immunity | p. 90 |
| Interaction of Host Immunity and Temperature on Developmental Route | p. 91 |
| Phenotypic Diversity and Arrested Development | p. 93 |
| Phenotypic Diversity and Immunology | p. 94 |
| Summary So Far | p. 96 |
| Parasite Modulation of Host Immune Responses | p. 97 |
| Consequences of Laboratory Maintenance | p. 98 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 99 |
| References | p. 100 |
| Host Modulation and Manipulation--Making Themselves at Home | |
| New Insights into the Intestinal Niche of Trichinella spiralis | p. 103 |
| Introduction | p. 103 |
| Excretory/Secretory and Surface Glycoproteins of T. spiralis L1 Larvae | p. 104 |
| Tyvelose and Trichinella Glycoprotein Function | p. 104 |
| Function of ES Products | p. 105 |
| Protective Activity of Anti-Tyvelose IgG | p. 106 |
| Mucus Trapping and Expulsion | p. 107 |
| Invasion of Epithelia in vitro | p. 108 |
| Tyvelose and Invasion | p. 112 |
| Cell Wounding and Pore Formation | p. 113 |
| Interference with the Epithelial Niche of T. spiralis by Anti-Tyv IgG in vitro | p. 114 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 116 |
| Acknowledgements | p. 116 |
| References | p. 116 |
| Genetic Reprogramming of Mammalian Skeletal Muscle Cells by Trichinella spiralis | p. 121 |
| Introduction | p. 121 |
| Genetic Reprogramming of the Host Muscle Cell | p. 123 |
| Repositioning of the Host Cell in the Cell Cycle | p. 123 |
| Repression of the Differentiated Skeletal Muscle Phenotype | p. 125 |
| Acquisition of the Infected Cell Phenotype | p. 126 |
| Parasite Regulation of the Infected Cell Phenotype | p. 128 |
| General Consideration of Parasite Products | p. 129 |
| Nuclear Antigens | p. 130 |
| Other Possible T. spiralis Regulators of Host Muscle Cells | p. 131 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 132 |
| References | p. 133 |
| Plant-parasitic Nematodes | p. 139 |
| Introduction | p. 139 |
| Root-knot and Cyst Nematodes | p. 140 |
| The Impact of Plant-parasitic Nematodes | p. 140 |
| Nematode Adaptations for Plant Parasitism | p. 142 |
| Mouthparts | p. 142 |
| Pharynx and Pharyngeal Glands | p. 143 |
| Rectal Glands | p. 145 |
| Developmental Changes | p. 145 |
| Niches Occupied by Plant-parasitic Nematodes | p. 147 |
| An Aerial Plant Parasite | p. 149 |
| Root Parasites | p. 149 |
| Feeding Sites of Sedentary Endoparasites | p. 150 |
| Feeding Site Induction | p. 151 |
| Induction of Giant Cells | p. 151 |
| Genes Expressed in Feeding Cells | p. 153 |
| Cell Cycle Regulation | p. 154 |
| Evolution of Parasitism: an Ancient Symbiosis? | p. 155 |
| Acquisition of Parasitism Genes by Horizontal Gene Transfer | p. 156 |
| Clade IV Nematode--Bacterial Associations | p. 156 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 159 |
| References | p. 159 |
| Specialist Products and Activities | |
| The Nematode Cuticle: Synthesis, Modification and Mutants | p. 167 |
| Nematode Cuticle: Structure | p. 167 |
| Moulting | p. 168 |
| The Cuticle Collagens | p. 170 |
| Collagen Gene Expression | p. 172 |
| C. elegans Cuticle Collagen-related Mutants | p. 173 |
| Collagen Folding | p. 174 |
| Catalysts of Collagen Folding, Co- and Post-translational Modification | p. 175 |
| Non-collagenous Cuticle Structural Components: the Cuticulins | p. 183 |
| Cuticle Collagen/Cuticulin Cross-linking Enzymes | p. 184 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 185 |
| Acknowledgements | p. 185 |
| References | p. 186 |
| Chitinases of Filarial Nematodes | p. 195 |
| Introduction | p. 195 |
| The Role of Filarial Chitinases in Microfilariae | p. 195 |
| The Role of Chitinases in the Infective Larva Stage | p. 198 |
| Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Filarial Chitinases | p. 200 |
| Chitinase-like Proteins in Vertebrates | p. 201 |
| Immunological Aspects of Filarial Chitinases | p. 204 |
| Acknowledgements | p. 207 |
| References | p. 207 |
| Acetylcholinesterase Secretion by Nematodes | p. 211 |
| Introduction and Historical Perspective | p. 211 |
| Cholinesterase Structure and Function | p. 211 |
| Nematode Acetylcholinesterases | p. 212 |
| Acetylcholinesterase Secretion by Parasitic Nematodes | p. 213 |
| Forms and Properties of the Secreted Enzymes | p. 215 |
| Putative Functions for Secreted Acetylcholinesterases | p. 217 |
| Acetylcholine Receptor Expression in the Intestinal Tract | p. 221 |
| Nematode Acetylcholinesterases as Drug Targets | p. 222 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 223 |
| Acknowledgements | p. 224 |
| References | p. 224 |
| The Surface and Secreted Antigens of Toxocara canis: Genes, Protein Structure and Function | p. 229 |
| Introduction | p. 229 |
| Developmental Biology of Toxocara | p. 230 |
| Immune Evasion | p. 230 |
| Excreted/Secreted Glycoproteins (TES) | p. 231 |
| Recombinant Excreted/Secreted Proteins | p. 231 |
| Secreted Enzymes | p. 238 |
| The Surface Coat | p. 239 |
| The NC6/SXC Domain in T. canis | p. 239 |
| Venom Allergen Homologues: Tc-CRISP (Tc-VAH-1) and Tc-VAH-2 | p. 240 |
| Carbohydrate Moieties | p. 241 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 242 |
| Acknowledgements | p. 242 |
| References | p. 243 |
| Nematode Gut Peptidases, Proteins and Vaccination | p. 247 |
| Introduction | p. 247 |
| The Nematode Gut | p. 248 |
| Proteins at the Microvillar Surface | p. 248 |
| Gut Antigen-based Vaccination and Non-blood-feeders | p. 260 |
| Glycosylation of Parasite Protein | p. 262 |
| Integral Membrane Proteins and Membrane Anchors | p. 262 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 264 |
| References | p. 265 |
| Metabolic Transitions and the Role of the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex During Development of Ascaris suum | p. 269 |
| Introduction | p. 269 |
| Anaerobic Mitochondrial Metabolism | p. 270 |
| The Role of the PDC During Development | p. 273 |
| PDC and Metabolic Transitions | p. 277 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 279 |
| References | p. 279 |
| Novel Carbohydrate Structures | p. 285 |
| Introduction | p. 285 |
| Glycoproteins | p. 286 |
| Glycolipids | p. 291 |
| Toxocara Methylated O-glycans | p. 292 |
| Novel Fucosylated N-glycan Core Structures in Haemonchus contortus | p. 293 |
| Multi-antennary Lewis[superscript x] N-glycans in Dictyocaulus viviparus | p. 296 |
| Phosphorylcholine-substituted N-glycans of Filarial Nematodes | p. 297 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 300 |
| Acknowledgements | p. 301 |
| References | p. 301 |
| Structurally Novel Lipid-binding Proteins | p. 309 |
| Introduction | p. 309 |
| The Importance of Lipid-binding Proteins | p. 310 |
| The Different Types of Lipid-binding Protein | p. 311 |
| The Polyproteins of Nematodes: NPAs | p. 313 |
| NPA Biosynthesis and the Gene | p. 314 |
| Structure of NPAs | p. 317 |
| Functions of NPAs | p. 317 |
| Polyfunctional Polyproteins? | p. 318 |
| The LBP-20 Proteins | p. 319 |
| The [beta]-Barrel FABPs | p. 320 |
| As-p18, the First Secreted Cytoplasmic Lipid-binding Protein | p. 320 |
| Sticky Finger Interaction Sites? | p. 323 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 324 |
| References | p. 325 |
| Immunology and Immunomodulation | |
| T Helper Cell Cytokine Responses During Intestinal Nematode Infection: Induction, Regulation and Effector Function | p. 331 |
| Introduction | p. 331 |
| T Cell and Cytokine Regulation of Host Protective Immunity | p. 333 |
| Nematode Cytokines? | p. 339 |
| Regulation of Th Responses During Nematode Infection | p. 341 |
| Immune effector mechanisms | p. 349 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 356 |
| Acknowledgements | p. 357 |
| References | p. 357 |
| Gut Immunopathology in Helminth Infections--Paradigm Lost? | p. 373 |
| Introduction | p. 373 |
| Pathology of Nematode Infections | p. 374 |
| Enteropathies of Other Aetiologies | p. 375 |
| The Paradox | p. 376 |
| Pathology and Nematode Expulsion | p. 376 |
| Tumour Necrosis Factor Induces Pathology via iNOS | p. 379 |
| Th2 Involvement in Pathological Responses in Other Helminth Infections | p. 380 |
| Effector Cells in Induction of Enteropathy | p. 381 |
| Pathophysiological Effects of Helminth-induced Cytokines | p. 382 |
| Goblet Cells in Enteropathy | p. 384 |
| Matrix Metalloproteases in Enteropathy | p. 385 |
| Role of Microbial Flora in the Development of Enteropathy | p. 386 |
| Parasite Advantage in Induction of Pathology | p. 386 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 387 |
| References | p. 388 |
| Immunomodulation by Filarial Nematode Phosphorylcholine-containing Glycoproteins | p. 399 |
| Introduction | p. 399 |
| Finding a Role for PC on Secreted Filarial Nematode Glycoproteins | p. 400 |
| Immunological Defects Associated with Human Filarial Nematode Infection: a Role for PC? | p. 401 |
| Inhibition of Lymphocyte Proliferation by PC on ES-62 | p. 402 |
| Mechanism of Action of ES-62/PC | p. 403 |
| Effects of PC on Antibody and Cytokine Responses | p. 406 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 410 |
| Acknowledgements | p. 410 |
| References | p. 410 |
| Neurobiology | |
| Nematode Neuropeptides | p. 415 |
| Introduction | p. 415 |
| Neuropeptide Localization | p. 417 |
| Distribution of FMRFamide-related Peptides (FaRPs) in Nematodes | p. 418 |
| Distribution of Other Neuropeptides in Nematodes | p. 422 |
| Neuropeptide Structure | p. 422 |
| Neuropeptide Function | p. 427 |
| flp-Gene Expression and Processing | p. 433 |
| Nematode Neuropeptide Receptors | p. 433 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 435 |
| Acknowledgements | p. 435 |
| References | p. 436 |
| Neurobiology of Nematode Muscle: Ligand-gated Ion-channels and Anti-parasitic Drugs | p. 441 |
| Introduction | p. 441 |
| Ligand-gated Ion Channels | p. 442 |
| Oesophagostomum dentatum as a Model Nematode for Anthelmintic Resistance | p. 448 |
| Receptor Heterogeneity | p. 451 |
| Differences between Sensitive and Resistant Isolates | p. 455 |
| Possible Explanations for Receptor Heterogeneity | p. 455 |
| Glutamate-gated Chloride Channels | p. 459 |
| GABA-gated Chloride Channel Receptors | p. 461 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 463 |
| References | p. 464 |
| Index | p. 467 |
| Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved. |
ISBN: 9780851994239
ISBN-10: 0851994237
Series: Cabi
Audience:
Professional
Format:
Hardcover
Language:
English
Published: 1st April 2001
Publisher: CAB INTL
Dimensions (cm): 23.927 x 15.697
x 3.226
Weight (kg): 1.107
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